雷達電波環境特性

第1 章 概論 ····················································································.001
1.1 引言 ····················································································.002
1.1.1 日地空間 ······································································.002
1.1.2 空間電波環境與電磁環境 ·················································.003
1.1.3 電波環境信息 ································································.004
1.2 電波環境信息技術 ··································································.005
1.2.1 電波環境與雷達的關系 ····················································.005
1.2.2 電波環境信息技術學科概要 ··············································.006
1.2.3 電波環境信息技術的應用與發展 ········································.008
1.3 雷達電波頻段和雷達電波傳播方式··············································.014
1.3.1 雷達電波頻段 ································································.014
1.3.2 雷達電波傳播方式 ··························································.016
1.3.3 常見各頻段雷達的主要特點 ··············································.018
1.4 電波環境對雷達性能的影響 ······················································.021
1.4.1 電波環境各區域特征 ·······················································.022
1.4.2 雷達環境的電波傳播效應 ·················································.024
1.4.3 傳播效應對雷達的影響 ····················································.027
參考文獻 ·····················································································.030
第2 章 地海面及其電波傳播特性 ························································.031
2.1 描述地海面傳播特性的幾個重要概念 ···········································.032
2.1.1 方向圖傳播因子 ·····························································.032
2.1.2 後向散射系數 ································································.033
2.1.3 幾種角度間的關系 ··························································.034
2.2 地海面的介電特性 ··································································.034
2.2.1 純水的復介電常數 ··························································.035
2.2.2 冰的復介電常數 ·····························································.035
2.2.3 海水的復介電常數 ··························································.037
2.2.4 土壤的復介電常數 ··························································.038
2.2.5 典型地面的電參數 ··························································.040
2.3 地海面的地波傳播衰減 ····························································.041
2.3.1 地波傳播衰減計算 ··························································.041
2.3.2 均勻光滑球形地面衰減 ····················································.042
2.3.3 粗糙海面附加傳播衰減 ····················································.042
2.4 地海面的反射系數 ··································································.061
2.4.1 平面反射系數和透射系數 ·················································.061
2.4.2 地海面的反射系數 ··························································.063
2.4.3 Fresnel 橢球和反射Fresnel 區 ············································.063
2.4.4 擴散因子 ······································································.074
2.4.5 表面粗糙度對反射系數的影響 ···········································.074
2.5 地面及障礙物繞射 ··································································.077
2.5.1 光滑地球表面繞射 ··························································.077
2.5.2 山脊繞射 ······································································.079
2.5.3 圓頂障礙的繞射計算 ·······················································.080
2.5.4 多重障礙繞射 ································································.082
2.6 多徑幹涉效應 ········································································.083
2.6.1 產生機制 ······································································.083
2.6.2 多徑傳播的天線方向圖因子 ··············································.084
2.6.3 多徑幹涉效應引起的角度誤差 ···········································.086
2.7 植被樹林的衰減 ·····································································.088
2.8 地海雜波理論模型 ··································································.088
2.8.1 簡單模型 ······································································.089
2.8.2 粗糙表面散射理論模型 ····················································.091
2.8.3 雜波的起伏特性 ·····························································.094
2.9 地海雜波的測量技術 ·······························································.098
2.9.1 測量原理 ······································································.098
2.9.2 測量技術 ······································································.100
2.10 地雜波的測量數據 ·································································.106
2.10.1 典型地形地物的散射系數和模型 ·······································.107
2.10.2 地雜波的統計特性 ·························································.117
2.11 海雜波 ················································································.126
2.11.1 海面狀態描述 ·······························································.126
2.11.2 海雜波的一般特性 ·························································.130
2.11.3 實測海雜波散射系數 ······················································.137
2.11.4 海雜波的統計特性 ·························································.140
2.11.5 海雜波的頻譜特性 ·························································.148
2.11.6 影響海面雜波特性的其他因素 ··········································.158
2.11.7 短波頻段海雜波特性 ······················································.158
2.12 飛鳥昆蟲和氣象雜波 ······························································.161
2.12.1 飛鳥昆蟲雜波 ·······························································.161
2.12.2 氣象雜波 ·····································································.162
參考文獻 ·····················································································.163
第3 章 對流層及其電波傳播特性 ························································.167
3.1 對流層特性 ···········································································.168
3.2 大氣無線電氣象參數與折射率 ···················································.169
3.2.1 大氣折射率的變化 ··························································.170
3.2.2 對流層大氣折射率模型 ····················································.177
3.2.3 降雨率分布 ···································································.184
3.2.4 水蒸氣含量分布 ·····························································.189
3.3 大氣波導 ··············································································.191
3.3.1 大氣波導的形成原因 ·······················································.192
3.3.2 大氣波導結構和特征 ·······················································.194
3.3.3 中國大氣波導出現率及特征量 ···········································.194
3.3.4 全球大氣波導出現率及特征量 ···········································.200
3.3.5 大氣波導傳播條件 ··························································.215
3.3.6 大氣波導傳播計算方法 ····················································.217
3.3.7 大氣波導預報 ································································.225
3.4 對流層頂與臨近空間 ·······························································.233
3.4.1 平流層特性 ···································································.233
3.4.2 中間層與低熱層特性 ·······················································.239
3.5 對流層電波傳播衰減 ·······························································.244
3.5.1 大氣氣體吸收 ································································.244
3.5.2 水凝物衰減 ···································································.248
3.5.3 雲霧、沙塵衰減 ·····························································.253
3.5.4 對流層波導傳播損耗 ·······················································.256
3.6 對流層閃爍 ···········································································.258
3.7 大氣折射誤差修正 ··································································.260
3.7.1 大氣折射基本概念 ··························································.260
3.7.2 大氣折射誤差及修正 ·······················································.265
3.8 無線電氣象參數測量技術 ·························································.285
3.8.1 無線電氣象參數的接觸式測量 ···········································.285
3.8.2 無線電氣象參數的遙感探測 ··············································.287
參考文獻 ·····················································································.293
第4 章 電離層及其電波傳播特性 ························································.297
4.1 電離層概述 ···········································································.298
4.1.1 電離層結構 ···································································.298
4.1.2 電離層的電離源 ·····························································.300
4.1.3 電離層的主要特征參數 ····················································.303
4.1.4 電離層的測量方法 ··························································.310
4.2 電離層特征參數估算 ·······························································.319
4.2.1 E 層參數估算 ·································································.320
4.2.2 F2 層參數估算 ································································.321
4.3 電離層電子濃度剖面模型 ·························································.322
4.3.1 模型種類 ······································································.323
4.3.2 中國典型電離層數據 ·······················································.328
4.4 電離層不均勻性與不規則變化 ···················································.332
4.4.1 Es 層 ···········································································.332
4.4.2 擴展F 層 ······································································.333
4.4.3 電離層行波式擾動 ··························································.334
4.4.4 突然電離層騷擾 ·····························································.334
4.4.5 電離層暴 ······································································.335
4.4.6 極蓋吸收與極光吸收 ·······················································.336
4.5 電離層電波傳播特性 ·······························································.336
4.5.1 電離層折射指數 ·····························································.336
4.5.2 電離層反射與折射 ··························································.338
4.5.3 電離層法拉第旋轉 ··························································.340
4.5.4 電離層色散 ···································································.341
4.5.5 多普勒效應 ···································································.342
4.5.6 電離層傳播時延 ·····························································.342
4.6 電離層閃爍 ···········································································.343
4.6.1 閃爍指數 ······································································.344
4.6.2 閃爍信號強度的瞬時分布及功率譜特性 ·······························.345
4.6.3 閃爍全球形態分布及其變化特性 ········································.346
4.6.4 中國、東亞地區電離層閃爍衰落統計 ··································.349
4.7 電離層返回散射傳播 ·······························································.351
4.7.1 傳播機理與應用 ·····························································.351
4.7.2 返回散射掃頻電離圖 ·······················································.352
4.7.3 返回散射定頻電離圖 ·······················································.356
4.7.4 最小時延線 ···································································.359
4.7.5 天波超視距雷達的坐標變換 ··············································.362
4.7.6 返回散射回波能量 ··························································.366
4.8 電離層傳播衰減 ·····································································.370
4.8.1 天波雷達路徑傳播衰減 ····················································.370
4.8.2 穿過電離層的電波傳播衰減 ··············································.375
參考文獻 ·····················································································.376
第5 章 無線電噪聲與幹擾 ·································································.379
5.1 無線電噪聲與幹擾 ··································································.380
5.1.1 無線電噪聲 ···································································.380
5.1.2 無線電幹擾 ···································································.381
5.1.3 噪聲強度及其相關術語 ····················································.381
5.2 0.1Hz～100GHz 範圍的Fa 預期值 ···············································.383
5.2.1 0.1 Hz～10 kHz 頻段Fa 預期值 ···········································.383
5.2.2 10kHz～100MHz 頻段Fa 預期值 ·········································.384
5.2.3 100 MHz～100 GHz 頻段Fa 預期值 ·····································.384
5.3 地球表面及其大氣層輻射噪聲 ···················································.386
5.3.1 晴空大氣亮溫（噪聲） ····················································.386
5.3.2 地球表面亮溫 ································································.388
5.4 地球以外的噪聲源 ··································································.390
5.4.1 銀河系噪聲 ···································································.391
5.4.2 天體輻射 ······································································.396
5.5 人為無線電噪聲 ·····································································.396
5.5.1 預期值 ·········································································.397
5.5.2 場強與極化 ···································································.399
5.6 大氣無線電噪聲 ·····································································.399
5.6.1 雷電特性 ······································································.400
5.6.2 預期值 ·········································································.401
5.6.3 中國大氣噪聲實際測量數據 ··············································.453
5.7 無線電幹擾 ···········································································.457
5.7.1 非蓄意幹擾 ···································································.457
5.7.2 蓄意幹擾 ······································································.458
參考文獻 ·····················································································.459
第6 章 電波環境信息的應用 ······························································.460
6.1 電波折射修正的實際應用 ·························································.461
6.1.1 雷達垂直面作用範圍圖修正 ··············································.461
6.1.2 雷達測量值修正 ·····························································.473
6.2 電波衰減的實際應用 ·······························································.477
6.2.1 雷達最大探測距離修正 ····················································.477
6.2.2 目標回波功率密度計算 ····················································.479
6.2.3 短波地波超視距雷達傳播衰減計算 ·····································.480
6.2.4 短波天波超視距雷達傳播衰減計算 ·····································.481
6.2.5 超短波雷達傳播衰減計算 ·················································.481
6.2.6 微波、毫米波雷達傳播衰減計算 ········································.482
6.3 電波環境中雷達性能評估 ·························································.483
6.3.1 大氣波導中微波雷達性能評估 ···········································.483
6.3.2 地波超視距雷達電離層汙染分析 ········································.490
6.3.3 合成孔徑雷達（SAR）電離層影響分析 ································.493
6.3.4 雜波環境中雷達探測性能分析 ···········································.499
6.3.5 探地雷達探測性能分析 ····················································.518
參考文獻 ·····················································································.525