The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System
Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels, John S. Quarterman
- 出版商: Addison Wesley
- 出版日期: 1996-04-30
- 售價: $1,068
- 語言: 英文
- 頁數: 580
- 裝訂: Hardcover
- ISBN: 0201549794
- ISBN-13: 9780201549799
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Description
This book describes the design and implementation of the 4.4BSD operating system, the latest release of what previously was known as the "Berkeley" version of UNIX. Because the 4.4BSD operating system is freely available in source and binary form, it is the system of choice for researchers, developers, and programmers. From its years of use in commercial environments, the robustness of the 4.4BSD operating system has made it the most common platform for providing network services on the Internet including routing, firewall protection, WWW services, and electronic mail handling. As key participants in the development of 4.4BSD, the authors provide comprehensive and up-to-date technical information needed by system programmers and application programmers. 
Table Of Contents
1. OVERVIEW.
1. History and Goals.
2. Design Overview of 4.4BSD.
3.Kernel Services.
History of the UNIX System.
BSD and Other Systems.
Design Goals of 4BSD.
Release Engineering.
References.
Origins.
Research UNIX.
AT&T UNIX System III and System V.
Other Organizations.
Berkeley Software Distributions.
UNIX in the World.
Research UNIX.
AT&T UNIX System III and System V.
Other Organizations.
Berkeley Software Distributions.
UNIX in the World.
BSD and Other Systems.
The Influence of the User Community.
Design Goals of 4BSD.
4.2BSD Design Goals.
4.3BSD Design Goals.
4.4BSD Design Goals.
4.3BSD Design Goals.
4.4BSD Design Goals.
Release Engineering.
References.
2. Design Overview of 4.4BSD.
4.4BSD Facilities and the Kernel.
Kernel Organization.
Kernel Services.
Process Management.
Memory Management.
I/O System.
Filesystems.
Filestores.
Network Filesystem.
Terminals.
Interprocess Communication.
Network Communication.
Network Implementation.
System Operation.
Exercises.
References.
The Kernel.
Kernel Organization.
Kernel Services.
Process Management.
Signals.
Process Groups and Sessions.
Process Groups and Sessions.
Memory Management.
BSD Memory-Management Design Decisions.
Memory Management Inside the Kernel.
Memory Management Inside the Kernel.
I/O System.
Descriptors and I/O.
Descriptor Management.
Devices.
Socket IPC.
Scatter/Gather I/O.
Multiple Filesystem Support.
Descriptor Management.
Devices.
Socket IPC.
Scatter/Gather I/O.
Multiple Filesystem Support.
Filesystems.
Filestores.
Network Filesystem.
Terminals.
Interprocess Communication.
Network Communication.
Network Implementation.
System Operation.
Exercises.
References.
3.Kernel Services.
Kernel Organization.
System Calls.
Traps and Interrupts.
Clock Interrupts.
Memory-Management Services.
Timing Services.
User, Group, and Other Identifiers.
Resource Services.
System-Operation Services.
Exercises.
References.
System Processes.
System Entry.
Run-Time Organization.
Entry to the Kernel.
Return from the Kernel.
System Entry.
Run-Time Organization.
Entry to the Kernel.
Return from the Kernel.
System Calls.
Result Handling.
Returning from a System Call.
Returning from a System Call.
Traps and Interrupts.
Traps.
I/O Device Interrupts.
Software Interrupts.
I/O Device Interrupts.
Software Interrupts.
Clock Interrupts.
Statistics and Process Scheduling.
Timeouts.
Timeouts.
Memory-Management Services.
Timing Services.
Real Time.
Adjustment of the Time.
External Representation.
Interval Time.
Adjustment of the Time.
External Representation.
Interval Time.
User, Group, and Other Identifiers.
Host Identifiers.
Process Groups and Sessions.
Process Groups and Sessions.
Resource Services.
Process Priorities.
Resource Utilization.
Resource Limits.
Filesystem Quotas.
Resource Utilization.
Resource Limits.
Filesystem Quotas.
System-Operation Services.
Accounting.
Exercises.
References.
II. PROCESSES.
4. Process Management.
5. Memory Management.
Introduction to Process Management.
Process State.
Context Switching.
Process Scheduling.
Process Creation.
Process Termination.
Signals.
Process Groups and Sessions.
Process Debugging.
Exercises.
References.
Multiprogramming.
Scheduling.
Scheduling.
Process State.
The Process Structure.
The User Structure.
The User Structure.
Context Switching.
Process State.
Low-Level Context Switching.
Voluntary Context Switching.
Synchronization.
Low-Level Context Switching.
Voluntary Context Switching.
Synchronization.
Process Scheduling.
Calculations of Process Priority.
Process-Priority Routines.
Process Run Queues and Context Switching.
Process-Priority Routines.
Process Run Queues and Context Switching.
Process Creation.
Process Termination.
Signals.
Comparison with POSIX Signals.
Posting of a Signal.
Delivering a Signal.
Posting of a Signal.
Delivering a Signal.
Process Groups and Sessions.
Sessions.
Job Control.
Job Control.
Process Debugging.
Exercises.
References.
5. Memory Management.
Terminology.
Overview of the 4.4BSD Virtual-Memory System.
Kernel Memory Management.
Per-Process Resources.
Shared Memory.
5.6 Creation of a New Process.
Execution of a File.
Process Manipulation of Its Address Space.
Termination of a Process.
The Pager Interface.
Paging.
Page Replacement.
Portability .
Exercises.
References.
Processes and Memory .
Paging.
Replacement Algorithms.
Working-Set Model.
Swapping.
Advantages of Virtual Memory.
Hardware Requirements for Virtual Memory.
Paging.
Replacement Algorithms.
Working-Set Model.
Swapping.
Advantages of Virtual Memory.
Hardware Requirements for Virtual Memory.
Overview of the 4.4BSD Virtual-Memory System.
Kernel Memory Management.
Kernel Maps and Submaps.
Kernel Address-Space Allocation.
Kernel Malloc.
Kernel Address-Space Allocation.
Kernel Malloc.
Per-Process Resources.
4.4BSD Process Virtual-Address Space.
Page-Fault Dispatch.
Mapping to Objects.
Objects.
Objects to Pages.
Page-Fault Dispatch.
Mapping to Objects.
Objects.
Objects to Pages.
Shared Memory.
Mmap Model.
Shared Mapping.
Private Mapping.
Collapsing of Shadow Chains.
Private Snapshots.
Shared Mapping.
Private Mapping.
Collapsing of Shadow Chains.
Private Snapshots.
5.6 Creation of a New Process.
Reserving Kernel Resources.
Duplication of the User Address Space.
Creation of a New Process Without Copying.
Duplication of the User Address Space.
Creation of a New Process Without Copying.
Execution of a File.
Process Manipulation of Its Address Space.
Change of Process Size.
File Mapping.
Change of Protection.
File Mapping.
Change of Protection.
Termination of a Process.
The Pager Interface.
Vnode Pager.
Device Pager.
Swap Pager.
Device Pager.
Swap Pager.
Paging.
Page Replacement.
Paging Parameters.
The Pageout Daemon.
Swapping.
The Swap-In Process.
The Pageout Daemon.
Swapping.
The Swap-In Process.
Portability .
The Role of the pmap Module.
Initialization and Startup.
Mapping Allocation and Deallocation.
Change of Access and Wiring Attributes for Mappings.
Management of Page-Usage Information.
Initialization of Physical Pages.
Management of Internal Data Structures.
Initialization and Startup.
Mapping Allocation and Deallocation.
Change of Access and Wiring Attributes for Mappings.
Management of Page-Usage Information.
Initialization of Physical Pages.
Management of Internal Data Structures.
Exercises.
References.
III. I/O System.
6. I/O System Overview.
7. Local Filesystems.
8. Local Filestores.
9. The Network Filesystem.
10. Terminal Handling.
I/O Mapping from User to Device.
Block Devices.
Character Devices.
Descriptor Management and Services.
The Virtual-Filesystem Interface.
Filesystem-Independent Services.
Stackable Filesystems.
Exercises.
References.
Device Drivers.
I/O Queueing.
Interrupt Handling.
I/O Queueing.
Interrupt Handling.
Block Devices.
Entry Points for Block-Device Drivers.
Sorting of Disk I/O Requests.
Disk Labels.
Sorting of Disk I/O Requests.
Disk Labels.
Character Devices.
Raw Devices and Physical I/O.
Character-Oriented Devices.
Entry Points for Character-Device Drivers.
Character-Oriented Devices.
Entry Points for Character-Device Drivers.
Descriptor Management and Services.
Open File Entries.
Management of Descriptors.
File-Descriptor Locking.
Multiplexing I/O on Descriptors.
Implementation of Select.
Movement of Data Inside the Kernel.
Management of Descriptors.
File-Descriptor Locking.
Multiplexing I/O on Descriptors.
Implementation of Select.
Movement of Data Inside the Kernel.
The Virtual-Filesystem Interface.
Contents of a Vnode.
Vnode Operations.
Pathname Translation.
Exported Filesystem Services.
Vnode Operations.
Pathname Translation.
Exported Filesystem Services.
Filesystem-Independent Services.
The Name Cache.
Buffer Management.
Implementation of Buffer Management.
Buffer Management.
Implementation of Buffer Management.
Stackable Filesystems.
Simple Filesystem Layers.
The Union Mount Filesystem.
Other Filesystems.
The Union Mount Filesystem.
Other Filesystems.
Exercises.
References.
7. Local Filesystems.
Hierarchical Filesystem Management.
Structure of an Inode.
Naming.
Quotas.
File Locking.
Other Filesystem Semantics.
Exercises.
References.
Structure of an Inode.
Inode Management.
Naming.
Directories.
Finding of Names in Directories.
Pathname Translation.
Links.
Finding of Names in Directories.
Pathname Translation.
Links.
Quotas.
File Locking.
Other Filesystem Semantics.
Large File Sizes.
File Flags.
File Flags.
Exercises.
References.
8. Local Filestores.
Overview of the Filestore.
The Berkeley Fast Filesystem.
The Log-Structured Filesystem.
The Memory-Based Filesystem.
Exercises.
References.
The Berkeley Fast Filesystem.
Organization of the Berkeley Fast Filesystem.
Optimization of Storage Utilization.
Reading and Writing to a File.
Filesystem Parameterization.
Layout Policies.
Allocation Mechanisms.
Block Clustering.
Synchronous Operations.
Optimization of Storage Utilization.
Reading and Writing to a File.
Filesystem Parameterization.
Layout Policies.
Allocation Mechanisms.
Block Clustering.
Synchronous Operations.
The Log-Structured Filesystem.
Organization of the Log-Structured Filesystem.
Index File.
Reading of the Log.
Writing to the Log.
Block Accounting.
The Buffer Cache.
Directory Operations.
Creation of a File.
Reading and Writing to a File.
Filesystem Cleaning.
Filesystem Parameterization.
Filesystem-Crash Recovery.
Index File.
Reading of the Log.
Writing to the Log.
Block Accounting.
The Buffer Cache.
Directory Operations.
Creation of a File.
Reading and Writing to a File.
Filesystem Cleaning.
Filesystem Parameterization.
Filesystem-Crash Recovery.
The Memory-Based Filesystem.
Organization of the Memory-Based Filesystem.
Filesystem Performance.
Future Work.
Filesystem Performance.
Future Work.
Exercises.
References.
9. The Network Filesystem.
History and Overview.
NFS Structure and Operation.
Techniques for Improving Performance.
Exercises.
References.
NFS Structure and Operation.
The NFS Protocol.
The 4.4BSD NFS Implementation.
Client-Server Interactions.
RPC Transport Issues.
Security Issues.
The 4.4BSD NFS Implementation.
Client-Server Interactions.
RPC Transport Issues.
Security Issues.
Techniques for Improving Performance.
Leases.
Crash Recovery.
Crash Recovery.
Exercises.
References.
10. Terminal Handling.
Terminal-Processing Modes.
Line Disciplines.
User Interface.
The tty Structure.
Process Groups, Sessions, and Terminal Control.
C-lists.
RS-232 and Modem Control.
Terminal Operations.
Other Line Disciplines.
Exercises.
References.
Line Disciplines.
User Interface.
The tty Structure.
Process Groups, Sessions, and Terminal Control.
C-lists.
RS-232 and Modem Control.
Terminal Operations.
Open.
Output Line Discipline.
Output Top Half.
Output Bottom Half.
Input Bottom Half.
Input Top Half.
The stop Routine.
The ioctl Routine.
Modem Transitions.
Closing of Terminal Devices.
Output Line Discipline.
Output Top Half.
Output Bottom Half.
Input Bottom Half.
Input Top Half.
The stop Routine.
The ioctl Routine.
Modem Transitions.
Closing of Terminal Devices.
Other Line Disciplines.
Serial Line IP Discipline.
Graphics Tablet Discipline.
Graphics Tablet Discipline.
Exercises.
References.
IV. INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION.
11. Interprocess Communication.
12. Network Communication.
13. Network Protocols.
Interprocess-Communication Model.
Implementation Structure and Overview.
Memory Management.
Data Structures.
Connection Setup.
Data Transfer.
Socket Shutdown.
Exercises.
References.
Use of Sockets.
Implementation Structure and Overview.
Memory Management.
Mbufs.
Storage-Management Algorithms.
Mbuf Utility Routines.
Storage-Management Algorithms.
Mbuf Utility Routines.
Data Structures.
Communication Domains.
Sockets.
Socket Addresses.
Sockets.
Socket Addresses.
Connection Setup.
Data Transfer.
Transmitting Data.
Receiving Data.
Passing Access Rights.
Passing Access Rights in the Local Domain.
Receiving Data.
Passing Access Rights.
Passing Access Rights in the Local Domain.
Socket Shutdown.
Exercises.
References.
12. Network Communication.
Internal Structure.
Socket-to-Protocol Interface.
Protocol-Protocol Interface.
Routing.
Buffering and Congestion Control.
Raw Sockets.
Additional Network-Subsystem Topics.
Exercises.
References.
Data Flow.
Communication Protocols.
Network Interfaces.
Communication Protocols.
Network Interfaces.
Socket-to-Protocol Interface.
Protocol User-Request Routine.
Internal Requests.
Protocol Control-Output Routine.
Internal Requests.
Protocol Control-Output Routine.
Protocol-Protocol Interface.
pr_output.
pr_input.
pr_ctlinput.
Interface between Protocol and Network Interface.
Packet Transmission.
Packet Reception.
pr_input.
pr_ctlinput.
Interface between Protocol and Network Interface.
Packet Transmission.
Packet Reception.
Routing.
Kernel Routing Tables.
Routing Lookup.
Routing Redirects.
Routing-Table Interface.
User-Level Routing Policies.
User-Level Routing Interface: Routing Socket.
Routing Lookup.
Routing Redirects.
Routing-Table Interface.
User-Level Routing Policies.
User-Level Routing Interface: Routing Socket.
Buffering and Congestion Control.
Protocol Buffering Policies.
Queue Limiting.
Queue Limiting.
Raw Sockets.
Control Blocks.
Input Processing.
Output Processing.
Input Processing.
Output Processing.
Additional Network-Subsystem Topics.
Out-of-Band Data.
Address Resolution Protocol.
Address Resolution Protocol.
Exercises.
References.
13. Network Protocols.
Internet Network Protocols.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Internet Protocol (IP).
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
TCP Algorithms.
TCP Input Processing.
TCP Output Processing.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
OSI Implementation Issues.
Summary of Networking and Interprocess Communication.
Exercises.
References.
Internet Addresses.
Subnets.
Broadcast Addresses.
Internet Multicast.
Internet Ports and Associations.
Protocol Control Blocks.
Subnets.
Broadcast Addresses.
Internet Multicast.
Internet Ports and Associations.
Protocol Control Blocks.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Initialization.
Output.
Input.
Control Operations.
Output.
Input.
Control Operations.
Internet Protocol (IP).
Output.
Input.
Forwarding.
Input.
Forwarding.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
TCP Connection States.
Sequence Variables.
Sequence Variables.
TCP Algorithms.
Timers.
Estimation of Round-Trip Time.
Connection Establishment.
Connection Shutdown.
Estimation of Round-Trip Time.
Connection Establishment.
Connection Shutdown.
TCP Input Processing.
TCP Output Processing.
Sending of Data.
Avoidance of the Silly-Window Syndrome.
Avoidance of Small Packets.
Delayed Acknowledgments and Window Updates.
Retransmit State.
Slow Start.
Source-Quench Processing.
Buffer and Window Sizing.
Avoidance of Congestion with Slow Start.
Fast Retransmission.
Avoidance of the Silly-Window Syndrome.
Avoidance of Small Packets.
Delayed Acknowledgments and Window Updates.
Retransmit State.
Slow Start.
Source-Quench Processing.
Buffer and Window Sizing.
Avoidance of Congestion with Slow Start.
Fast Retransmission.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
OSI Implementation Issues.
Summary of Networking and Interprocess Communication.
Creation of a Communication Channel.
Sending and Receiving of Data.
Termination of Data Transmission or Reception.
Sending and Receiving of Data.
Termination of Data Transmission or Reception.
Exercises.
References.
V. SYSTEM OPERATION.
14. System Startup.
Glossary.
Index. 0201549794T04062001
Overview.
Bootstrapping.
Kernel Initialization.
Autoconfiguration.
Machine-Independent Initialization.
User-Level Initialization.
System-Startup Topics.
Exercises.
References.
Bootstrapping.
The boot Program.
Kernel Initialization.
Assembly-Language Startup.
Machine-Dependent Initialization.
Message Buffer.
System Data Structures.
Machine-Dependent Initialization.
Message Buffer.
System Data Structures.
Autoconfiguration.
Device Probing.
Device Attachment.
New Autoconfiguration Data Structures.
New Autoconfiguration Functions.
Device Naming.
Device Attachment.
New Autoconfiguration Data Structures.
New Autoconfiguration Functions.
Device Naming.
Machine-Independent Initialization.
User-Level Initialization.
/sbin/init.
/etc/rc.
/usr/libexec/getty.
/usr/bin/login.
/etc/rc.
/usr/libexec/getty.
/usr/bin/login.
System-Startup Topics.
Kernel Configuration.
System Shutdown and Autoreboot.
System Debugging.
Passage of Information To and From the Kernel.
System Shutdown and Autoreboot.
System Debugging.
Passage of Information To and From the Kernel.
Exercises.
References.
Glossary.
Index. 0201549794T04062001
