Radio Astronomy in Canada: Young Science in a Young Country

這是加拿大無線電天文學科學發展的故事。1946年，Arthur Covington開始監測太陽的無線電發射，這個計劃至今仍在進行。到了1960年代，加拿大已經建造了兩個位於國家兩端的無線電天文觀測站（DRAO和ARO），並有大學加入。故事繼續講述了這些觀測站在困難時期的遭遇，並追蹤了它們的命運，一直到現在，加拿大在數十億美元的國際望遠鏡項目中扮演著重要角色。最後，書中描述了加拿大自己的變革性望遠鏡CHIME的建造和運營。整本書中穿插著趣聞和圖片，使故事更加生動。

這本書的作者是兩位實踐天文學家，他們精心編寫了這個迷人的故事，借鑒了第一手經驗，許多同事的寶貴貢獻，以及科學歷史學家Richard Jarrell（1942-2013）的研究。

這本書填補了關於無線電天文學歷史的大量文獻中的一個空白。由三位專家精心研究，並基於該領域其他專家的貢獻，它記錄了加拿大科學家和工程師在科學和（尤其是）技術創新方面的廣泛貢獻。這包括重要的加拿大絕對通量密度校準，對低頻無線電天文學和VLBI的重要加拿大貢獻，以及長期的太陽監測計劃。對於出色的46米ARO望遠鏡及其命運的坦率討論，引出了對加拿大對最近的國際項目（JCMT，ALMA和即將到來的SKA）的貢獻的考慮。書的結尾描述了CHIME，加拿大自己的新一代無線電設施。

Ken Kellermann，美國夏洛茨維爾國家無線電天文台資深科學家榮譽退休

Jasper Wall began his career in Radio Astronomy in Toronto with Alan Yen. This included building a 320-MHz receiver, and carrying out absolute background measurements using a pyramidal horn. Instead of Cambridge, he chose Australia to do research in both radio astronomy and optical. First working on a receiver for Parkes Radio Telescope at CSIRO Sydney, he joined John Bolton and began a sky survey at hitherto unprecedented high frequency of 2.7 GHz. Wall's survey discovered the extensive 'flat-spectrum' quasar population, the key to the relativistic beaming model of radio sources. His research at Parkes lasted 81/2 years. Statistical results strongly favoured a "Big Bang" universe rather than the "Steady State" preferred by John Bolton, Fred Hoyle and Tommy Gold. He was part of the team which in 1969 brought the Apollo 11 moon landing via the Parkes Radio Telescope to an estimated 650 million TV viewers world wide. He was also involved in Apollo 13 and 14. Optical astronomy research with the Stromlo 74-in telescope yielded many faint-source identifications with quasars and radio galaxies. In 1974-1978 he joined Martin Ryle's group at the MRAO Cambridge UK, continuing his research in active galaxy systems at both radio and optical wavelengths, plus submm and X-ray observations. He taught statistics to astronomy students at Cambridge, leading to his 2003 book with co-author Charles Jenkins, "Practical Statistics for Astronomers" (2^nd edition 2012). Joining the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1979 as Head of Astrophysics and Astrometry Division, he continued research in optical and radio astronomy. In 1986 he became Director of the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes on La Palma for four years, and then Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory 1995-1998. He was Vice-President of the Royal Astronomical Society 1994-1996. He has observed on telescopes throughout the world, writing over 200 papers. Professorships followed at Oxford 1998-2002, then 2003 to the present at University of British Columbia, writing, working with students, teaching statistics, and continuing research in astronomy and cosmology.

Elizabeth Griffin has studied stellar astrophysics throughout her career, first pursuing abundance analyses of bright stars with very high resolution spectra, and coauthored the Procyon Atlas (in both analogue and digital formats) in 1979. Since 1980 her research has centered on analyzing a special sub-group of binary stars that exhibit composite spectra, observing with major North American and European telescopes 2 to record their spectra and also developing techniques and software to determine the masses of the stars involved. Able to apply her methodology to the rare subgroup of eclipsing systems, she has assembled a rich archive of digital spectra acquired with the powerful coud´e spectrograph of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Canada (near to where she settled in 2002), uncovering oddities that were not previously known; part of that research featured in a book, Giants of Eclipse (Springer; 2015) which she co-authored, basing it upon an AAS conference that she had organized. With interests that have over time burgeoned from photographic data to digital data and to problems shared with data analysts in other sciences, she has developed a strong curiosity for parallel activities in her science, chiefly in the preservation and reuse of historical (principally analogue) data for modern research purposes. She was a core organizer and Proceedings editor of two IAU symposia that focussed on the astronomy's Time Domain and included the whole gamut of variability cadences from seconds to centuries. She enjoys editing papers and Proceedings both on astronomy and on more general topics. Membership of related professional bodies includes the IAU, the AAS (representing heritage data through Working Groups in both organizations), and chairing the CASCA Heritage Committee.

Richard Jarrell (1946-2013) discovered and fostered a love of nature, and of astronomy, from an early age. Born in the US, he obtained a major in History at Indiana University, with minors in astronomy and in History and Philosophy of Science, before moving to Canada and earning a PhD at the University of Toronto's Institute for History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. He became a lecturer in the Department of Natural Sciences at nearby York University, where he was able to combine his deep interests in both astronomy and the history of science by developing courses that reflected his passion for astronomy, the breadth of his thinking, and his ability to view the wider picture. He remained at York, where he rose through the ranks to a full Professorship. His first major work--a book--published in 1988 (The Cold Light of Dawn) recounted comprehensively the history of astronomy in Canada as conducted at visual wavelengths. Richard's significant strength was as an 'institution builder'--the source of the energy that drove the vital first steps of a new entity until it was self-supporting. A founding member of the Canadian Science and Technology Historical Association, he earned renown as a champion of Canada's scientific heritage, though his influence extended further inasmuch as he saw the whole of creation as a unique ecosystem.

賈斯珀·沃爾（Jasper Wall）在多倫多與艾倫·延（Alan Yen）一起開始他的無線電天文學事業。這包括建造一個320 MHz的接收器，並使用金字塔形天線進行絕對背景測量。他選擇了澳大利亞而不是劍橋，在無線電天文學和光學方面進行研究。他首先在悉尼的CSIRO帕克斯無線電望遠鏡上工作，加入了約翰·博爾頓（John Bolton）並開始了一項以前所未有的高頻率2.7 GHz的天空調查。沃爾的調查發現了廣泛的“平頻譜”類星體族群，這是相對論噴流模型的關鍵。他在帕克斯的研究持續了8年半。統計結果強烈支持“大爆炸”宇宙而不是約翰·博爾頓（John Bolton）、弗雷德·霍伊爾（Fred Hoyle）和湯米·戈爾德（Tommy Gold）偏好的“穩態”宇宙。他是1969年團隊的一員，通過帕克斯無線電望遠鏡將阿波羅11號登月任務傳送給估計有6.5億電視觀眾。他還參與了阿波羅13號和14號任務。在斯特羅姆洛74英寸望遠鏡上進行的光學天文學研究揭示了許多與類星體和無線電星系相關的微弱源識別。在1974年至1978年期間，他加入了馬丁·賴爾（Martin Ryle）在英國劍橋的MRAO小組，繼續在無線電和光學波長以及亞毫米和X射線觀測方面進行活躍星系系統的研究。他在劍橋教授統計學給天文學生，並與合著者查爾斯·詹金斯（Charles Jenkins）合著了2003年的書籍《天文學實用統計學》（第二版於2012年出版）。他於1979年加入皇家格林威治天文台，擔任天體物理學和天體測量學部門主任，繼續在光學和無線電天文學方面進行研究。1986年，他成為拉帕爾馬的Isaac Newton望遠鏡團隊的主任，任職四年，然後在1995年至1998年擔任皇家格林威治天文台的主任。他在1994年至1996年擔任皇家天文學會副會長。他在世界各地的望遠鏡上進行觀測，並發表了200多篇論文。他在牛津大學擔任教授職位，從1998年到2002年，然後從2003年至今在英屬哥倫比亞大學，撰寫、指導學生、教授統計學，並繼續在天文學和宇宙學方面進行研究。

伊麗莎白·格里芬（Elizabeth Griffin）在她的職業生涯中一直研究恆星天體物理學，首先對亮星進行豐度分析，使用非常高分辨率的光譜，並在1979年共同編輯了《Procyon Atlas》（以模擬和數字格式）。自1980年以來，她的研究重點是分析一個特殊的二元星群，這些星群表現出複合光譜，使用北美和歐洲的主要望遠鏡觀測它們的光譜，並開發技術和軟件來確定所涉及的恆星的質量。她能夠將她的方法應用於罕見的食變系統，她擁有加拿大多明尼亞斯天體物理觀測所強大的科迪光譜儀所獲得的數字光譜豐富的檔案，揭示了以前未知的奇異現象；她合著的一本書《Giants of Eclipse》（Springer；2015）中的一部分研究是基於她組織的AAS會議。隨著興趣從攝影數據到數字數據再到與其他科學中的數據分析師共享的問題，她對她的科學中的平行活動產生了濃厚的好奇心，主要是在保存和重用歷史（主要是類比）數據以進行現代研究目的方面。她是兩個國際天文學聯合會（IAU）研討會的核心組織者和會議編輯，這兩個研討會集中討論了天文學的時間域，包括從秒到世紀的各種變化節奏。她喜歡編輯有關天文學和更一般主題的論文和會議記錄。相關專業組織的成員包括國際天文學聯合會（IAU）、美國天文學會（AAS）（通過兩個組織的工作組代表遺產數據）和擔任加拿大天文學會（CASCA）遺產委員會主席。