數據中心高壓供配電系統運維

目 錄

第1章　安全生產管理 ······························1

1.1　安全生產相關法律法規及標準規範 ·····················1

1.1.1　《中華人民共和國安全生產法》 ·····················1

1.1.2　《特種作業人員安全技術培訓考核管理規定》 ···············3

1.2　從業人員安全生產的相關規定 ······················3

1.2.1　從業人員安全生產的權利 ·······················4

1.2.2　從業人員安全生產的義務 ························5

1.2.3　從業人員安全生產的職責 ························6

1.2.4　從業人員安全生產口訣 ·························7

第2章　電力系統概述 ·····························9

2.1　電力系統簡介 ······························9

2.1.1　發電廠 ································9

2.1.2　電力網 ································11

2.1.3　變配電所 ·······························11

2.1.4　電能用戶和電力負荷 ··························11

2.1.5　電力系統運行的特點及要求 ·······················12

2.2　供配電系統概況 ·····························12

2.2.1　電力負荷的分級 ····························12

2.2.2　各級負荷對供電電源的要求 ·······················13

2.2.3　供配電系統的構成 ···························14

2.3　電力系統的電壓 ·····························17

2.3.1　電壓高低界限的劃分 ··························17

2.3.2　用戶供配電系統電壓的選擇 ······················17

2.3.3　供電電能的技術指標 ·························18

2.4　電力系統的中性點運行方式 ························20

2.4.1　中性點不接地的運行方式 ························20

2.4.2　中性點經消弧線圈接地的運行方式 ····················22

2.4.3　中性點經電阻接地的運行方式 ······················22

2.4.4　中性點直接接地的運行方式 ·······················23

2.5　10kV變電所及其電氣主接線 ························23

2.5.1　變電所及其分類 ····························24

2.5.2　變電所主接線 ·····························24

2.5.3　變配電所一次接線圖常用的圖形符號與文字符號 ··············26

第3章　電力變壓器 ······························28

3.1　變壓器的工作原理 ····························28

3.2　變壓器的分類及結構 ···························30

3.2.1　變壓器的分類 ·····························31

3.2.2　變壓器的結構 ·····························32

3.2.3　變壓器的型號和主要技術參數 ······················37

3.2.4　變壓器的接線組別和接線方式 ······················39

3.2.5　變壓器的安裝 ·····························40

3.3　電力變壓器的運行維護 ··························42

3.3.1　油浸式變壓器的運行維護 ························42

3.3.2　乾式變壓器的運行維護 ························43

3.3.3　電力變壓器運行中應掌控的變量 ·····················45

3.3.4　變壓器運行允許溫度 ··························47

3.3.5　變壓器的並列與解列運行 ························48

3.3.6　變壓器分接開關 ····························50

3.4　變壓器的異常運行與故障分析 ·······················54

3.4.1　油浸式變壓器異常運行與故障分析 ····················54

3.4.2　乾式變壓器異常運行與故障分析 ·····················56

第4章　互感器 ································58

4.1　電流互感器 ·······························58

4.1.1　電流互感器的結構原理 ·························58

4.1.2　電流互感器的接線方式 ·························59

4.1.3　電流互感器的類型 ···························61

4.1.4　電流互感器的型號 ···························61

4.1.5　電流互感器的額定參數 ·························61

4.1.6　零序電流互感器 ····························64

4.1.7　電流互感器二次側的相關要求 ······················65

4.1.8　電流互感器常見故障分析 ························66

4.2　電壓互感器 ·······························67

4.2.1　電壓互感器的基本結構原理 ·······················67

4.2.2　電壓互感器的接線方式 ·························68

4.2.3　電壓互感器的類型和型號 ························71

4.2.4　電壓互感器的額定參數 ·························73

4.3　互感器運行中的巡視檢查和故障處理 ····················74

4.3.1　儀用互感器運行 ····························74

4.3.2　電壓互感器的熔斷器保護 ························75

4.3.3　電壓互感器的絕緣監察 ·························78

4.3.4　電壓互感器的常見故障及處理 ······················79

第5章　高壓電氣·······························81

5.1　交流電弧 ································81

5.1.1　交流電弧的形成及熄滅 ·························81

5.1.2　開關設備中常用的滅弧方法 ·······················82

5.2　高壓電氣的基礎知識 ···························83

5.2.1　高壓電氣的主要技術參數 ························83

5.2.2　高壓電氣操動機構 ···························83

5.3　高壓斷路器 ·······························84

5.3.1　高壓斷路器的分類 ···························84

5.3.2　高壓斷路器的主要技術參數 ·······················85

5.3.3　高壓真空斷路器 ····························86

5.3.4　高壓六氟化硫斷路器 ··························89

5.3.5　高壓斷路器的操動機構 ·························90

5.4　高壓負荷開關 ······························92

5.4.1　FZN25-12系列真空負荷開關 ·······················93

5.4.2　FLN36-12六氟化硫高壓負荷開關 ·····················94

5.5　高壓隔離開關 ······························95

5.5.1　隔離開關的用途及分類 ·························95

5.5.2　戶內式高壓隔離開關 ··························96

5.5.3　戶外式高壓隔離開關 ··························97

5.5.4　高壓隔離開關的安裝 ··························98

5.5.5　高壓隔離開關運行中的巡視檢查及事故處理 ················99

5.5.6　高壓隔離開關的操作順序························100

5.6　高壓熔斷器 ······························100

5.6.1　戶內式高壓熔斷器 ··························100

5.6.2　戶外式高壓熔斷器 ··························102

5.6.3　高壓熔斷器的維護 ··························104

第6章　高壓成套配電裝置 ··························107

6.1　認識高壓開關櫃····························107

6.1.1　高壓開關櫃的主要特點 ························107

6.1.2　高壓開關櫃的組成 ··························108

6.1.3　高壓開關櫃的分類 ··························108

6.2　開關櫃的常用類型 ···························109

6.2.1　GG1A-12（F）型固定式高壓開關櫃 ···················109

6.2.2　XGN2-12（Z）型固定式高壓開關櫃 ···················113

6.2.3　KYN28A-12型移開式高壓開關櫃 ····················117

6.2.4　高壓環網開關櫃 ···························122

6.3　預裝式變電站·····························126

6.3.1　組合式箱變與預裝式箱變 ·······················126

6.3.2　YB系列預裝式變電站 ·························127

6.3.3　箱式變電站的使用 ··························128

第7章　高壓電力線路 ····························129

7.1　高壓電力線路的種類 ··························129

7.1.1　高壓架空線路 ····························129

7.1.2　高壓電纜線路 ····························130

7.2　高壓架空線路的構成 ··························131

7.2.1　電桿································131

7.2.2　橫擔和拉線 ·····························133

7.2.3　絕緣子和金具 ····························134

7.2.4　導線································136

7.3　架空線路的安裝、巡視檢查與運行維護··················137

7.3.1　架空線路的安裝 ···························137

7.3.2　架空線路的巡視檢查和運行維護 ····················143

7.4　高壓電力電纜·····························144

7.4.1　高壓電力電纜的基本結構 ·······················144

7.4.2　常用高壓電力電纜的類型及適用範圍 ··················147

7.4.3　高壓電纜截面的選擇··························147

7.4.4　高壓電力電纜的敷設·························148

7.4.5　高壓電纜的連接 ··························149

7.4.6　高壓電力電纜的安全管理·······················151

第8章　過電壓保護與接地裝置 ······················154

8.1　過電壓及雷電的概念 ·························154

8.1.1　過電壓的形成 ···························154

8.1.2　雷電的危害 ····························155

8.2　防雷裝置 ······························156

8.2.1　接閃器 ······························156

8.2.2　避雷器 ······························157

8.2.3　避雷器的運行與維護 ························158

8.2.4　避雷器的主要故障分析 ·······················159

8.3　電力線路與變配電所的防雷保護 ····················160

8.3.1　10kV配電線路的防雷保護 ······················161

8.3.2　變配電所的防雷保護 ························163

8.4　接地裝置······························165

8.4.1　人工接地極的製作安裝要求 ·····················165

8.4.2　接地導體的最小截面 ························167

8.4.3　接地裝置的敷設與連接 ·······················167

8.4.4　接地裝置的檢查及測量周期 ·····················169

第9章　繼電保護與二次迴路 ························170

9.1　繼電保護的基本知識 ·························170

9.1.1　繼電保護的任務 ··························170

9.1.2　繼電保護的要求 ··························170

9.2　繼電保護的原理及常用繼電器 ····················171

9.2.1　繼電保護的基本工作原理 ······················171

9.2.2　常用繼電器····························172

9.3　10kV變配電所的繼電保護及自動裝置 ·················178

9.3.1　10kV配電系統的主要故障 ·····················178

9.3.2　10kV配電系統常用繼電保護種類 ··················178

9.3.3　10kV配電系統的保護配置······················179

9.3.4　備用電源自投裝置 ························182

 9.4　微機綜合保護測控裝置 ······················182

9.4.1　微機綜合保護測控裝置的特點 ···················182

9.4.2　微機綜合保護測控裝置的基本構成 ·················183

9.4.3　微機綜合保護測控裝置的基本功能 ·················183

9.4.4　微機綜合保護測控裝置的軟件設定 ·················184

9.4.5　變配電室綜合自動化系統的基本功能 ················184

9.4.6　監控系統（後台機）可反映的內容 ·················184

9.4.7　保護裝置的運行管理 ·······················185

 9.5　10kV變配電所二次迴路 ······················185

9.5.1　二次迴路概述 ··························186

9.5.2　二次迴路分類 ··························186

9.5.3　變配電室的操作電源 ·······················186

9.5.4　中央信號報警系統 ························187

9.5.5　認識二次迴路圖 ·························188

9.6　變配電所事故跳閘的分析與判斷 ···················193

9.6.1　變壓器事故跳閘的分析與判斷 ···················193

9.6.2　配電線路事故跳閘的分析與判斷 ··················193

9.6.3　其他事故跳閘信息的分析與判斷 ··················194

第10章　變配電站安全保障 ·······················195

 10.1　變配電站值班人員安全管理要求 ··················195

10.1.1　變配電站值班人員應具備的素質 ·················195

10.1.2　變配電站值班人員的主要工作 ··················195

10.1.3　變配電站的負責人和值班長應具備的條件 ·············196

10.1.4　變配電站值班長和值班員的崗位職責 ···············197

10.2　變配電站工作安全保障的技術措施 ·················197

10.2.1　停電·····························197

10.2.2　驗電·····························198

10.2.3　裝設接地線 ··························199

10.2.4　懸掛標示牌和裝設臨時遮欄 ···················199

10.3　變配電站工作安全保障的制度措施 ·················200

10.3.1　工作票制度 ··························200

10.3.2　工作查活及交底制度 ······················201

10.3.3　工作許可制度 ·························201

10.3.4　工作監護制度 ·························202

10.3.5　工作間斷和工作轉移制度 ····················203

10.3.6　工作終結和送電制度 ······················203

10.4　變配電站填寫工作票的規定 ····················204

10.4.1　填寫第一種工作票的規定 ····················204

10.4.2　填寫第二種工作票的規定 ····················205

10.4.3　口頭或電話命令的工作 ·····················205

10.4.4　執行工作票的程序 ·······················206

第11章　高壓開關櫃的倒閘操作······················208

11.1　倒閘操作的基本知識 ·······················208

11.1.1　電氣設備狀態 ·························208

11.1.2　倒閘操作的目的和內容 ·····················209

11.2　倒閘操作的專用術語 ·······················209

11.2.1　電力系統設備的標準名稱 ····················209

11.2.2　電力系統的調度術語 ······················210

11.2.3　電力系統的操作術語 ······················211

11.3　變配電站倒閘操作的程序與方法 ··················212

11.3.1　倒閘操作的基本規定 ······················212

11.3.2　倒閘操作的程序 ························214

11.3.3　倒閘操作邏輯控制 ·······················216

11.4　倒閘操作票填寫的內容及操作術語舉例 ···············218

11.4.1　倒閘操作票填寫的內容及註意事項 ················218

11.4.2　倒閘操作票標準術語的應用舉例 ·················219

11.4.3　10kV及以下高低壓配電裝置的調度操作編號原則 ··········222

第12章　變配電站運行管理 ·······················225

12.1　變配電站的制度和運行維護管理··················225

12.1.1　變配電站運行管理的職能 ····················225

12.1.2　變配電站運行的主要制度 ····················226

12.1.3　變配電站的運行工作 ······················228

12.1.4　變配電站的維護工作 ······················229

12.1.5　變配電站的培訓工作 ······················230

12.2　變配電站的設備管理 ·······················230

12.2.1　設備專責制管理 ························230

12.2.2　設備缺陷管理 ·························230

12.2.3　設備檢修計劃管理 ·······················231

12.2.4　設備驗收管理 ·························232

12.2.5　變配電站設備設施的具體要求 ··················233

12.3　變配電站的資料管理 ·······················233

12.3.1　變配電站規程和規章制度的管理 ·················234

12.3.2　變配電站的技術資料 ······················234

12.3.3　變配電站電氣運行記錄 ·····················235

12.4　變配電站異常運行及事故處理 ···················236

12.4.1　配電裝置異常運行及事故處理 ··················236

12.4.2　斷路器異常運行及事故處理 ···················236

12.4.3　隔離開關異常運行及事故處理 ··················237

12.4.4　負荷開關異常運行及事故處理 ··················238

12.4.5　電力變壓器異常運行及事故處理 ·················238

12.4.6　互感器異常運行及事故處理 ···················239

12.4.7　母線、支持瓷瓶異常運行及事故處理 ···············240

第13章　高壓安全用具 ·························241

13.1　基本絕緣安全用具 ························241

13.1.1　高壓設備的基本絕緣安全用具的組成 ···············241

13.1.2　絕緣桿 ····························242

13.1.3　絕緣夾鉗 ···························243

13.1.4　高壓驗電器 ··························244

13.1.5　使用安全用具的通則 ······················246

13.2　輔助絕緣安全用具 ························246

13.2.1　絕緣手套和絕緣靴（鞋） ····················247

13.2.2　絕緣墊和絕緣台 ························248

13.3　一般防護安全用具 ························249

13.3.1　攜帶型臨時接地線 ·······················249

13.3.2　遮欄·····························251

13.3.3　標示牌 ····························252

附1　10kV中置櫃雙路市電+雙路柴發供配電運行方案 ············255

附2　10kV固定櫃雙路市電供配電運行方案 ················256

附3　10kV環網櫃雙路市電供配電運行方案 ················257

附4　倒閘操作票示例 ·························258

參考文獻 ······························267