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Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software (Hardcover)

Eric Evans

Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software (Hardcover)

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The software development community widely acknowledges that domain modeling is central to software design. Through domain modeling, software developers are able to express rich functionality and translate that functionality into software implementation that truly serves the needs of its users. Despite its obvious importance, however, there are few practical resources that show how to incorporate effective domain modeling into the software development process.

Domain-Driven Design fills that need. It offers readers a systematic approach to domain-driven design, presenting an extensive set of design best practices, experience-based techniques, and fundamental principles that facilitate the development of software projects facing complex domains. Intertwining design and development practice, Domain-Driven Design incorporates numerous examples in Java-case studies taken from actual projects that illustrate the application of domain-driven design to real-world software development.

Readers will find an overview of domain-driven design that highlights key principles, terms, and implications. The book presents a core of best practices and standard patterns that provide a common language for the development team. In addition, it highlights how refactoring in domain modeling, integrated with the frequent iterations of Agile development, leads to deeper insight into domains and enhanced communication between domain expert and programmer. Building on this foundation, the book then addresses domain-driven design for complex systems and larger organizations.

Specific topics covered include:

  • Isolating the domain
  • Entities, value objects, services, and modules
  • The lifecycle of a domain object
  • Representing processes as domain objects
  • Creating functions free of side effects
  • Conceptual contours
  • Standalone classes
  • Extending specifications
  • Applying analysis patterns
  • Relating design patterns to the model
  • Maintaining model integrity
  • Formulating the domain vision statement
  • Choosing refactoring targets
  • Responsibility layers
  • Creating a pluggable component framework
  • Bringing together large-scale structures and bounded contexts

With this book in hand, object-oriented developers, system analysts, and designers will have the guidance they need to think deeply about domains, create rich and accurate domain models, and transform these models into high-quality, long-lasting software implementations.

Table of Contents

Foreword.


Preface.


Acknowledgments.

I. PUTTING THE DOMAIN MODEL TO WORK.

1. Crunching Knowledge.

 

Ingredients of Effective Modeling.

 

 

Knowledge Crunching.

 

 

Continuous Learning.

 

 

Knowledge-Rich Design.

 

 

Deep Models.

 

2. Communication and the Use of Language.

 

UBIQUITOUS LANGUAGE.

 

 

Modeling Out Loud.

 

 

One Team, One Language.

 

 

Documents and Diagrams.

 

 

Written Design Documents.

 

 

Executable Bedrock.

 

 

Explanatory Models.

 

3. Binding Model and Implementation.

 

MODEL-DRIVEN DESIGN.

 

 

Modeling Paradigms and Tool Support.

 

 

Letting the Bones Show: Why Models Matter to Users.

 

 

HANDS-ON MODELERS.

 

II. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF A MODEL-DRIVEN DESIGN.

4. Isolating the Domain.

 

LAYERED ARCHITECTURE.

 

 

Relating the Layers.

 

 

Architectural Frameworks.

 

 

The Domain Layer Is Where the Model Lives.

 

 

THE SMART UI “ANTI-PATTERN”

 

 

Other Kinds of Isolation.

 

5. A Model Expressed in Software.

 

Associations.

 

 

ENTITIES (A.K.A. REFERENCE OBJECTS).

 

 

Modeling ENTITIES.

 

 

Designing the Identity Operation.

 

 

VALUE OBJECTS.

 

 

Designing VALUE OBJECTS.

 

 

Designing Associations That Involve VALUE OBJECTS.

 

 

SERVICES.

 

 

SERVICES and the Isolated Domain Layer.

 

 

Granularity.

 

 

Access to SERVICES.

 

 

MODULES (A.K.A. PACKAGES).

 

 

Agile MODULES.

 

 

The Pitfalls of Infrastructure-Driven Packaging.

 

 

Modeling Paradigms.

 

 

Why the Object Paradigm Predominates.

 

 

Nonobjects in an Object World.

 

 

Sticking with MODEL-DRIVEN DESIGN When Mixing Paradigms.

 

6. The Life Cycle of a Domain Object.

 

AGGREGATES.

 

 

FACTORIES.

 

 

Choosing FACTORIES and Their Sites.

 

 

When a Constructor Is All You Need.

 

 

Designing the Interface.

 

 

Where Does Invariant Logic Go?

 

 

ENTITY FACTORIES Versus VALUE OBJECT FACTORIES.

 

 

Reconstituting Stored Objects.

 

 

REPOSITORIES.

 

 

Querying a REPOSITORY.

 

 

Client Code Ignores REPOSITORY Implementation; Developers Do Not.

 

 

Implementing a REPOSITORY.

 

 

Working Within Your Frameworks.

 

 

The Relationship with FACTORIES.

 

 

Designing Objects for Relational Databases.

 

7. Using the Language: An Extended Example.

 

Introducing the Cargo Shipping System.

 

 

Isolating the Domain: Introducing the Applications.

 

 

Distinguishing ENTITIES and VALUE OBJECTS.

 

 

Role and Other Attributes.

 

 

Designing Associations in the Shipping Domain.

 

 

AGGREGATE Boundaries.

 

 

Selecting REPOSITORIES.

 

 

Walking Through Scenarios.

 

 

Sample Application Feature: Changing the Destination of a Cargo.

 

 

Sample Application Feature: Repeat Business.

 

 

Object Creation.

 

 

FACTORIES and Constructors for Cargo.

 

 

Adding a Handling Event.

 

 

Pause for Refactoring: An Alternative Design of the Cargo AGGREGATE.

 

 

MODULES in the Shipping Model.

 

 

Introducing a New Feature: Allocation Checking.

 

 

Connecting the Two Systems.

 

 

Enhancing the Model: Segmenting the Business.

 

 

Performance Tuning.

 

 

A Final Look.

 

III. REFACTORING TOWARD DEEPER INSIGHT.

8. Breakthrough.

 

Story of a Breakthrough.

 

 

A Decent Model, and Yet….

 

 

The Breakthrough.

 

 

A Deeper Model.

 

 

A Sobering Decision.

 

 

The Payoff.

 

 

Opportunities.

 

 

Focus on Basics.

 

 

Epilogue: A Cascade of New Insights.

 

9. Making Implicit Concepts Explicit.

 

Digging Out Concepts.

 

 

Listen to Language.

 

 

Scrutinize Awkwardness.

 

 

Contemplate Contradictions.

 

 

Read the Book.

 

 

Try, Try Again.

 

 

How to Model Less Obvious Kinds of Concepts.

 

 

Explicit Constraints.

 

 

Processes as Domain Objects.

 

 

SPECIFICATION

 

 

Applying and Implementing SPECIFICATION.

 

10. Supple Design.

 

INTENTION-REVEALING INTERFACES.

 

 

SIDE-EFFECT-FREE FUNCTIONS.

 

 

ASSERTIONS.

 

 

CONCEPTUAL CONTOURS.

 

 

STANDALONE CLASSES.

 

 

CLOSURE OF OPERATIONS.

 

 

DECLARATIVE DESIGN.

 

 

Domain-Specific Languages.

 

 

A Declarative Style of Design.

 

 

Extending SPECIFICATIONS in a Declarative Style.

 

 

Angles of Attack.

 

 

Carve Off Subdomains.

 

 

Draw on Established Formalisms, When You Can.

 

11. Applying Analysis Patterns.
 
12. Relating Design Patterns to the Model.

 

STRATEGY (A.K.A. POLICY).

 

 

COMPOSITE.

 

 

Why Not FLYWEIGHT?

 

13. Refactoring Toward Deeper Insight.

 

Initiation.

 

 

Exploration Teams.

 

 

Prior Art.

 

 

A Design for Developers.

 

 

Timing.

 

 

Crisis as Opportunity.

 

IV. STRATEGIC DESIGN.

14. Maintaining Model Integrity.

 

BOUNDED CONTEXT.

 

 

Recognizing Splinters Within a BOUNDED CONTEXT

 

 

CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION.

 

 

CONTEXT MAP.

 

 

Testing at the CONTEXT Boundaries.

 

 

Organizing and Documenting CONTEXT MAPS.

 

 

Relationships Between BOUNDED CONTEXTS.

 

 

SHARED KERNEL.

 

 

CUSTOMER/SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT TEAMS.

 

 

CONFORMIST.

 

 

ANTICORRUPTION LAYER.

 

 

Designing the Interface of the ANTICORRUPTION LAYER.

 

 

Implementing the ANTICORRUPTION LAYER.

 

 

A Cautionary Tale.

 

 

SEPARATE WAYS.

 

 

OPEN HOST SERVICE.

 

 

PUBLISHED LANGUAGE.

 

 

Unifying an Elephant.

 

 

Choosing Your Model Context Strategy.

 

 

Team Decision or Higher.

 

 

Putting Ourselves in Context.

 

 

Transforming Boundaries.

 

 

Accepting That Which We Cannot Change: Delineating the External Systems.

 

 

Relationships with the External Systems.

 

 

The System Under Design.

 

 

Catering to Special Needs with Distinct Models.

 

 

Deployment.

 

 

The Trade-off.

 

 

When Your Project Is Already Under Way.

 

 

Transformations.

 

 

Merging CONTEXTS: SEPARATE WAYS—SHARED KERNEL.

 

 

Merging CONTEXTS: SHARED KERNEL—CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION.

 

 

Phasing Out a Legacy System.

 

 

OPEN HOST SERVICE—PUBLISHED LANGUAGE.

 

15. Distillation.

 

CORE DOMAIN.

 

 

Choosing the CORE.

 

 

Who Does the Work?

 

 

An Escalation of Distillations.

 

 

GENERIC SUBDOMAINS.

 

 

Generic Doesn't Mean Reusable.

 

 

Project Risk Management.

 

 

DOMAIN VISION STATEMENT.

 

 

HIGHLIGHTED CORE.

 

 

The Distillation Document.

 

 

The Flagged CORE.

 

 

The Distillation Document as Process Tool.

 

 

COHESIVE MECHANISMS.

 

 

GENERIC SUBDOMAIN Versus COHESIVE MECHANISM.

 

 

When a MECHANISM Is Part of the CORE DOMAIN.

 

 

Distilling to a Declarative Style.

 

 

SEGREGATED CORE.

 

 

The Costs of Creating a SEGREGATED CORE.

 

 

Evolving Team Decision.

 

 

ABSTRACT CORE.

 

 

Deep Models Distill.

 

 

Choosing Refactoring Targets.

 

16. Large-Scale Structure.

 

EVOLVING ORDER.

 

 

SYSTEM METAPHOR.

 

 

The “Naive Metaphor” and Why We Don't Need It.

 

 

RESPONSIBILITY LAYERS.

 

 

Choosing Appropriate Layers.

 

 

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL.

 

 

PLUGGABLE COMPONENT FRAMEWORK.

 

 

How Restrictive Should a Structure Be?

 

 

Refactoring Toward a Fitting Structure.

 

 

Minimalism.

 

 

Communication and Self-Discipline.

 

 

Restructuring Yields Supple Design.

 

 

Distillation Lightens the Load.

 

17. Bringing the Strategy Together.

 

Combining Large-Scale Structures and BOUNDED CONTEXTS.

 

 

Combining Large-Scale Structures and Distillation.

 

 

Assessment First.

 

 

Who Sets the Strategy?

 

 

Emergent Structure from Application Development.

 

 

A Customer-Focused Architecture Team.

 

 

Six Essentials for Strategic Design Decision Making.

 

 

The Same Goes for the Technical Frameworks.

 

 

Beware the Master Plan.

 

Conclusion.
Appendix: The Use of Patterns in This Book.
Glossary.
References.
Photo Credits.
Index.

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