Biometry: Technology, Trends and Applications

Biometrics provide quantitative representations of human features, physiological and behavioral. This book is a compilation of biometric technologies developed by various research groups in Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico. It provides a summary of biometric systems as a whole, explaining the principles behind physiological and behavioral biometrics and exploring different types of commercial and experimental technologies and current and future applications in the fields of security, military, criminology, healthcare education, business, and marketing.

Examples of biometric systems using brain signals or electroencephalography (EEG) are given. Mobile and home EEG use in children's natural environments is covered. At the same time, some examples focus on the relevance of such technology in monitoring epileptic encephalopathies in children.

Using reliable physiological signal acquisition techniques, functional Human Machine Interfaces (HMI) and Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) become possible. This is the case of an HMI used for assistive navigation systems, controlled via voice commands, head, and eye movements. A detailed description of the BCI framework is presented, and applications of user-centered BCIs, oriented towards rehabilitation, human performance, and treatment monitoring are explored.

Massive data acquisition also plays an essential role in the evolution of biometric systems. Machine learning, deep learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are crucial allies here. They allow the construction of models that can aid in early diagnosis, seizure detection, and data-centered medical decisions. Such techniques will eventually lead to a more concise understanding of humans.

生物特徵識別提供了人體特徵（生理和行為）的定量表示。本書是墨西哥蒙特雷科技大學各研究小組開發的生物特徵識別技術的彙編。它總結了生物特徵識別系統的整體情況，解釋了生理和行為生物特徵背後的原理，並探索了不同類型的商業和實驗性技術以及當前和未來在安全、軍事、犯罪學、醫療保健、教育、商業和市場營銷領域的應用。

本書提供了使用腦信號或腦電圖（EEG）的生物特徵識別系統的示例。還介紹了在兒童自然環境中使用移動和家用腦電圖的情況。同時，一些示例著重介紹了這種技術在監測兒童癲癇性腦病變中的重要性。

通過可靠的生理信號獲取技術，功能性人機界面（HMI）和腦-電腦界面（BCI）成為可能。例如，可以使用HMI進行輔助導航系統，通過語音命令、頭部和眼睛運動進行控制。本書詳細介紹了BCI框架，並探討了以用戶為中心的BCI在康復、人體表現和治療監測方面的應用。

大規模數據獲取在生物特徵識別系統的發展中也起著重要作用。機器學習、深度學習和人工智能（AI）在這方面是至關重要的盟友。它們可以構建模型，幫助早期診斷、癲癇發作檢測和以數據為中心的醫療決策。這些技術最終將有助於更加精確地理解人類。

Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza is Professor and Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies at the School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico. He obtained a Ph.D. degree from Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France, in 1997. His main research interests include applications in automatic control, biomedical signal processing, identification systems, and advanced control to automotive systems. He has authored 3 books, more than 150 papers in top journals, and more than 200 international conference papers. He has worked as an expert consultant for different industries and he is a certified reviewer for regional development projects (manufacturing, automotive, and aerospace). He is a member of the National Research Fellows System in Mexico.

Jorge de J. Lozoya-Santos received the B.Sc. Degree in Electronic Engineering from Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna, Torreón, México in 2000, the M.Sc. Degree in Automation, and the Ph.D. Degree in Engineering Sciences (advanced materials and mechatronics) from Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico, in86, 2005, and 2013, respectively. He has experience in industry cement, Li-ion battery manufacturing, and embedded systems development. As scholar, he has been research professor and dean of research. Jorge has been visiting researcher at University of Grenoble Alpes and Politecnico de Milano. He is the author of more than 50 scientific articles. His research areas are: monitoring, automotive control and biometric systems in engineering. Dr. Lozoya-Santos is a member of the National Researchers System of Mexico (Level I), the Mexican Academic of Sciences and the Engineering Academic of México. Currently, He is a research professor in Tec de Monterrey, National Business Developer by Research and Innovation in the School of Engineering and Sciences, and Director of the Brain International Site of the IUCRC - NSF -Based center in Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México.

Ricardo Zavala-Yoe received the Ph.D. degree in Modelling and Control of Dynamical Systems from the University of Groningen, The Netherlands in 2006. Currently, he is Professor at Tecnologico de Monterrey within National School of Engineering and Science where he develops research in the fields of Serial and Parallel Robots, Analysis and Modelling of EEG (electroencephalographic signals), Modelling of Biotechnological Processes and some other Applied and Computational Mathematics areas. He is editor, reviewer, author and co-author of papers in top journals as well as writer of books and book chapters. He is a member of many scientific societies as the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Epileptologie (German Society of Epileptology) and he has been invited to give talks of Applied Math for EEG in Epilepsy to Hospitals of Europe and Mexico. He currently does joint research with European universities, plans international events and workshops and writes a new book.

Luz María Alonso-Valerdi completed her professional studies at the Faculty of Electronics Sciences at the Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla. Subsequently, she achieved her master degree in Bioelectronics at the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, and finally, she was award as PhD in Computer Science and Electronic Engineering at the University of Essex, United Kingdom. She has been a teacher for 20 years in different national and international institutions, and has directed around 13 theses both professionally and postgraduate at the Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, the University of Guadalajara and the Tecnológico de Monterrey. She currently works at Tecnológico de Monterrey as a lecturer and researcher in Neuroengineering. In addition, she is the leader of the research group in Neuroengineering and Neuroacoustics, along with David Ibarra-Zárate, PhD. She is a member of the National System of Researchers, Level 1, and has published about 12 articles in refereed journals, 14 articles in international conferences, and 2 book chapters. In January 2017, she was awarded with, along with Dr. David Ibarra, one of the five projects that are transforming Mexico at Tecnológico de Monterrey. In October 2017, she obtained the Scholarship for Women in Science awarded by L'Óreal, UNESCO, CONACyT and the Mexican Academy of Sciences. In 2018, she was assigned as part of the jury that ruled the winners of the National Youth Award in the Science and Technology category. Finally, in January 2019, she was recognized by SINEMBARGO Magazine as one of the best ten Mexican scientists in the country.

Rubén Morales-Menendez received the B.Sc. Degree in Chemical Engineering and Systems, the M.Sc. Degrees in Process Systems and Automation, and the Ph.D. Degree in Artificial Intelligence from Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico, in 1984, 1986, 1992, and 2003, respectively. He was a Visiting Scholar with the Laboratory of Computational Intelligence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, from 2000 to 2003. He has been a Consultant specializing in the analysis and design of automatic control systems for continuous processes for more than 30 years. He is the Dean of Graduate Programs of the School of Engineering and Sciences at Tecnológico de Monterrey. His research areas are: fault diagnosis, monitoring systems, automotive control system and educational systems in engineering. Dr. Morales-Menendez is a member of the National Researchers System of Mexico (Level II), the Mexican Academic of Sciences and the Engineering Academic of México.

Belinda Carrion School of Medicine and Health Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey Campus. She obtained her MD degree in 1998 with honors, afterwards her Pediatrics specialty in 2002 and Child Neurology degree in 2005. All of them from Tecnológico de Monterrey-SSNL in Monterrey Mexico. She later got a PhD from the Molecular Mechanisms of Disease School affiliated to Copenhagen University in Denmark. In 2017 she was appointed as Academic Regional Director of Basic Medical Sciences at the National Health School of Tecnológico de Monterrey, position she holds today. She is a researcher at the Growth and Development Group at Innovation and Science Transfer Center and Child Neurologist at the Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute in Hospital Zambrano Hellion Tec de Monterrey. Her main areas of interests are Technological devices for Challenge Based Learning in Health Sciences, Neurodevelopment in vulnerable child population and biomarkers in Parkinson.

Pedro Ponce Cruz is a Senior Researcher Scientist and member of the Product Innovation Research Group at Tecnologico de Monterrey in Mexico City. He received the B.Eng. Degree in Automation and Control, the M.Sc., and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering focused on Automatic Control Systems, respectively. He worked for more than 12 years as a field and design engineer in Control Systems and Automation. Also, He has authored and co-authored more than 100 research articles, 14 books, and 6 inventions, including one US Patent. His research interests include Mechatronics, Control Systems, Smart Grids, Machine Learning, Product Design, Optimization, Electric Engineering, Education, and Artificial Intelligence. He is a member of the Mexican National Researchers System and Mexican Academy of science. Besides, He is an associate editor in the international journal of advanced robotics systems and the international journal on interactive design and manufacturing.

Hugo G. Gonzalez-Hernandez obtained his BEng from Universidad La Salle México in 1991, MSc in Automatic Control and PhD in Mechatronics from CINVESTAV in 1995 and 2002, respectively. He made a postdoctoral fellowship at CICESE, México. He is Associate Professor at Tecnologico de Monterrey since 2006. He has published several research papers in journals and conferences on topics related to Biosignal Analysis, System Dynamics, Chaos and Robotics.

Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza是墨西哥蒙特雷理工大學工程與科學學院的教授兼研究與研究生事務副院長。他於1997年在法國格勒諾布爾國立理工學院獲得博士學位。他的主要研究興趣包括自動控制應用、生物醫學信號處理、識別系統和汽車系統的先進控制。他撰寫了3本書，發表了150多篇頂級期刊論文和200多篇國際會議論文。他曾擔任不同行業的專家顧問，並且是區域發展項目（製造業、汽車業和航空航天業）的認證審查人。他是墨西哥國家研究學者系統的成員。

Jorge de J. Lozoya-Santos於2000年在墨西哥拉古納理工學院獲得電子工程學士學位，並分別於2005年和2013年在墨西哥蒙特雷理工大學獲得自動化碩士學位和工程科學（先進材料和機電一體化）博士學位。他在水泥工業、鋰離子電池製造和嵌入式系統開發方面有豐富的經驗。作為學者，他曾擔任研究教授和研究院院長。Jorge曾在格勒諾布爾阿爾卑斯大學和米蘭理工大學擔任訪問研究員。他是50多篇科學文章的作者，研究領域包括工程中的監測、汽車控制和生物特徵識別系統。Lozoya-Santos博士是墨西哥國家研究人員系統（一級）、墨西哥科學院和墨西哥工程學院的成員。目前，他是蒙特雷理工大學的研究教授，負責研究和創新的國家業務發展，並擔任蒙特雷理工大學IUCRC-NSF基於腦科學的國際研究中心的主任。

Ricardo Zavala-Yoe於2006年在荷蘭格羅寧根大學獲得動態系統建模和控制的博士學位。目前，他是墨西哥蒙特雷理工大學國家工程與科學學院的教授，他在串聯和並聯機器人、腦電圖（腦電圖信號）分析和建模、生物技術過程建模以及其他應用和計算數學領域進行研究。他是頂級期刊的編輯、審查人員、作者和合著者，並撰寫了書籍和書籍章節。他是許多科學學會的成員，如德國癲癇學會，並應邀在歐洲和墨西哥的醫院進行應用數學講座，介紹腦電圖在癲癇症中的應用。他目前與歐洲大學進行聯合研究，計劃國際活動和研討會，並撰寫新書。

Luz María Alonso-Valerdi在普埃布拉自治大學電子科學學院完成了專業學習。隨後，她在墨西哥國家理工學院的研究與高等研究中心獲得了生物電子學碩士學位，最後在英國埃塞克斯大學獲得了計算機科學和電子工程博士學位。她在不同的國內外機構擔任教師已有20年的時間，並在普埃布拉自治大學、瓜達拉哈拉大學和蒙特雷理工大學指導了約13個專業和研究生論文。她目前在蒙特雷理工大學擔任講師和神經工程學研究員。此外，她與David Ibarra-Zárate博士共同領導神經工程學和神經聲學研究小組。她是墨西哥國家研究人員系統的一級成員，並發表了約12篇文章。