Customizable and Adaptive Quantum Processors: Theory and Applications

The book describes state-of-the-art advances in simulators and emulators for quantum computing. It reviews customizable and adaptive hardware designs of quantum processors for implementing in field programmable gate arrays to aid the host traditional processor in accelerating some computations and executing quantum algorithms. The book describes recent related works in the literature about the subject.

The book introduces the main characteristics of quantum computing and gives illustrated examples for each and every one of the basic concepts that build the foundations of quantum computing. It defines the indivisible piece information that substitutes the traditional bit in the well-known classical computing paradigm. It explains and exemplifies the parallelism behind any quantum-related computation and describes the process of quantum information sampling also known as measurement of the quantum state of information. The book explains the process of quantum bit entanglement, collapsed state as well as the process of information cloning in contrast of information copying in the traditional computing paradigm. It reviews the concept of quantum operators and define the main operation of tensor product, which is behind almost all quantum information manipulation. The book presents existing unitary, binary and ternary quantum operators as well as the computation implied by each operator, and also explain that although the tensor product is not an end calculation in a quantum operation, it has significant importance due to the overall number of multiplications with complex numbers that it requires. It is proven that this number increases exponentially with the number of quantum bits involved in the quantum state. If not handled efficiently, it would require a lot of memory space, which makes the design emulating a quantum processor quite expensive to produce. The book provides details of the quantum processor and provides a design proposal together with the micro-architecture all included functional unit, including the calculation and control unit as well as the different type of memories required to bookkeeping and handling and measuring the quantum information state. The proposed design is validated via execution simulation of the main quantum instructions.

這本書描述了量子計算模擬器和仿真器的最新進展。它回顧了可定制和自適應的量子處理器硬件設計，用於在現場可編程閘陣列中實現，以幫助主機傳統處理器加速某些計算並執行量子算法。該書還描述了文獻中關於這一主題的最新相關研究。

該書介紹了量子計算的主要特徵，並為構建量子計算基礎的每個基本概念提供了圖示示例。它定義了在眾所周知的傳統計算範式中取代傳統位元的不可分割信息單位。它解釋並舉例說明了與任何與量子相關的計算背後的並行性，並描述了量子信息抽樣的過程，也稱為量子信息狀態的測量。該書解釋了量子位元纏繞、坍縮狀態以及信息克隆的過程，與傳統計算範式中的信息複製相對比。它回顧了量子運算符的概念，並定義了張量乘積的主要操作，該操作幾乎涉及所有量子信息操作。該書介紹了現有的單位、二進制和三進制量子運算符，以及每個運算符所隱含的計算，並解釋了雖然張量乘積不是量子運算中的最終計算，但由於它需要與複數進行的乘法總數，它具有重要意義。證明了這個數字隨著參與量子狀態的量子位元數量的增加呈指數級增長。如果不高效地處理，它將需要大量的記憶空間，這使得模擬量子處理器的設計相當昂貴。該書提供了量子處理器的詳細信息，並提供了一個設計提案，包括微架構和所有包含的功能單元，包括計算和控制單元以及處理和測量量子信息狀態所需的不同類型的記憶體。通過執行主要量子指令的模擬，驗證了所提出的設計。

Nadia Nedjah has degrees in Systems Engineering and Computation- Bachelors (1987) and M.Sc. (1990), both from University of Annaba, Algeria, and a Ph.D. (1997) from University of Manchester - Institute of Science and Technology, UK. She joined the Department of Electronics Engineering and Telecommunications, State University of Rio de Janeiro as a Full Professor in electronics engineering. She has authored three books on Functional and Re-writing Languages, Hardware/Software Co-design for Systems Acceleration and Hardware for soft Computing vs. Soft Computing for Hardware. She has also co-edited more than 20 special issues for high impact journals and more than 45 organized books on computational intelligence related topics, such as Evolvable Machines, Genetic Systems Programming, Evolutionary Machine Design: Methodologies and Applications and Real-World Multi-Objective System Engineering. She (co)-authored more than 120 journal papers and more than 200 conference papers. She is Associate Editor of more than 10 international journals, including International Journal of Electronics (TF), The VLSI Journal (Elsevier) and Microprocessors and Microsystems and IET's Computer & Digital Techniques (Elsevier). She organized several major conferences related to computational intelligence (for more details, see http: //www.eng.uerj.br/ nadia/ english.html).

Luiza de Macedo Mourelle holds a degree in Electronic Engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (1980), a Master's degree in Systems and Computer Engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (1988) and a PhD in Computing from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. (1998). She is currently a full professor at the State University of Rio de Janeiro and a research fellow at the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. She has interest and experience in Computer Science, with emphasis on Computer Systems Architecture, working mainly on the following topics: hardware, VHDL, FPGA, synthesis of digital systems, embedded systems, co-design, interconnection networks and computational intelligence.

Nadia Nedjah擁有系統工程和計算學士學位（1987年）和碩士學位（1990年），兩者均來自阿爾及利亞安納巴大學，並於1997年獲得英國曼徹斯特大學科學與技術學院的博士學位。她加入了里約熱內盧州立大學電子工程和電信學系，擔任電子工程的全職教授。她撰寫了三本關於功能和重寫語言、系統加速的硬體/軟體共同設計以及軟體計算機硬體對抗軟體計算機硬體的書籍。她還共同編輯了20多個高影響力期刊的特刊和45多本關於計算智能相關主題的組織書籍，例如可進化機器、遺傳系統編程、進化機器設計：方法和應用以及真實世界多目標系統工程。她（合著）發表了120多篇期刊論文和200多篇會議論文。她是10多個國際期刊的副編輯，包括《國際電子學雜誌》（TF）、《VLSI Journal》（愛思唯爾）和《微處理器和微系統》以及《IET的計算機和數字技術》（愛思唯爾）。她組織了幾個與計算智能相關的重要會議（詳細信息請參見http://www.eng.uerj.br/nadia/english.html）。

Luiza de Macedo Mourelle擁有里約熱內盧聯邦大學的電子工程學士學位（1980年），里約熱內盧聯邦大學的系統和計算機工程碩士學位（1988年）以及曼徹斯特大學科學與技術學院的計算機博士學位（1998年）。她目前是里約熱內盧州立大學的全職教授，並擔任國家科學和技術發展委員會的研究員。她對計算機科學有興趣和經驗，尤其在計算機系統架構方面，主要從事以下主題的研究：硬體、VHDL、FPGA、數字系統綜合、嵌入式系統、共同設計、互連網絡和計算智能。