An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems

Table of Contents:

Preface.

Acknowledgments.

1. Introduction.

    Fundamentals.

      Overview of UWB.

      A Brief History of UWB Signals.

      Types of UWB Signals.

      Regulatory, Legal, and Other Controversial Issues.

    What Makes UWB Unique?

      Time Domain Design.

      Impact of the Antenna.

      Propagation and Channel Models.

      Transmitter and Receiver Design.

      Difficulties in Using DSP Technology.

      Networking Issues.

      Future Directions.

    The I-UWB System Model.

      Overview of the I-UWB System.

      Pulse Shapes.

      Modulation Schemes.

      MultipleAccess Schemes.

      Receiver Decision Statistic.

    The MC-UWB System Model.

      Overview of the MC-UWB System.

      OFDM UWB.

    Overview of the Book.

2. Channel Measurement and Simulation.

    Introduction.

    Measurement Techniques.

      Time Domain Measurement Techniques.

      Frequency Domain Measurement Techniques.

    Measurement Results.

      Typical Results for Time Domain Measurements.

      Typical Results for Frequency Domain Measurements.

      The Role of Antennas.

      Impact of Building Architecture and Properties of Building Materials.

    Electromagnetic Simulation of UWB Propagation in Indoor Environments.

      Simulation of Transmitting and Receiving Antennas.

      Simulation of the UWB Channel.

      Organization of the Electromagnetic Simulator.

      Comparisons of Measurement and Simulation Results.

    Summary.

3. Channel Modeling.

    Introduction.

    What’s Different about UWB?

    Large-Scale Channel Modeling.

      Free-Space Path Loss Modeling: The Friis Transmission Formula.

      Path Loss Modeling for Non-Free-Space Environments.

      Frequency Dependent Models.

      Partition Dependent Approaches.

      Large-Scale Modeling Studies.

      Antenna Impact on Large-Scale Modeling.

      Better than Free-Space Propagation.

      Receiver-Dependent Path Loss Models.

      Shadowing.

      Link Budget Calculations.

    Small-Scale Channel Modeling.

      Statistical Modeling of the Channel Impulse Response.

      Saleh-Valenzuela Model.

      -K Model.

      Single Poisson Model.

      Modified Poisson Model.

      Split-Poisson Model.

      Effect of Model Parameters.

      Stochastic Tapped-Delay Line Model.

      Amplitude Statistics.

      Summary of Measurement Campaigns and Modeling Efforts.

    Spatial Behavior and Modeling of UWB Signals.

      Introduction.

      Spatial Fading.

      Spatial Fading of Signal Components.

      Spatial Correlation.

      A Two-Dimensional Channel Model for UWB Indoor Propagation.

    Impact of Frequency Distortion on Discrete Channel Modeling.

      The CLEAN Algorithm.

      Impact of Frequency Dependent Distortion.

      Impact of Reflections.

    Summary.

4. Antennas.

    Basic Properties of Antennas.

      Reciprocity and Antenna Effective Length.

      Directivity, Gain, and Related Definitions.

      A Link Model Using S-Parameters.

      Link Budget Concepts.

      Fundamental Limits of Antennas.

    Antenna Measurements and Modeling in the Time Domain.

      Basic Responses.

      UWB Performance.

      Frequency and Time Relationships.

      Pattern Concept in Time.

      Time Domain Modeling (A Minimal Approach).

      Transient Responses of Scatterers.

    Summary.

5. Transmitter Design.

    I-UWB Signal Generators.

      Avalanche Pulse Generators.

      Step Recovery Diode Pulse Generators.

      Tunnel Diode Pulsers.

      Pulse Circuits Suitable for Integrated Circuits.

    Modulators.

    I-UWB Transmitters.

      TH-PPM and TH-(A-PAM) UWB Signals.

      OOC-PPM UWB Signals.

      DS-UWB Signals.

      Transmitter Reference (TR) UWB System.

    MC-UWB Transmitters.

      CI-UWB Signals.

      FH-UWB System.

      OFDM-UWB System.

    Spectral Encoded UWB Communication System.

    Summary.

6. Receiver Design Principles.

    I-UWB - RadioReceivers.

      System Model.

      Threshold/Leading Edge Detection.

      Correlation Detection (CD) Receivers.

      RAKEReceivers.

      Multi-User Detection (MUD) UWB Receivers.

      Hybrid RAKE/MUD UWB Receivers.

      Other I-UWB Receivers.

      Autocorrelation Transmitted Reference (TR) UWB Receiver.

      Synchronization and Timing Issues.

      Digital I-UWB Implementation.

      Example of IEEE Proposed Standards for PPM and DS-Based UWBReceivers.

    MC-UWBReceivers.

      Carrier Interferometry (CI) UWB Receiver.

      Frequency Hopped (FH) UWB Receivers.

      OFDM-UWBReceivers.

      Example on IEEE Proposed Standard for MC and OFDM-Based UWB Receivers.

    Spectral Encoded UWB Communication System.

    CaseStudy: Improving Range of UWB Using RAKE Receivers.

      GSC(N, L)withIndependent but Nonidentically DistributedFading Statistics.

      PMRC(N, L)withIndependent but Nonidentically DistributedFading Statistics.

      GSC(N, L)withEqually Correlated Nakagami-m FadingStatistics.

    Summary.

7. On the Coexistence Of Uwb and Narrowband Radio Systems.

    Introduction.

    Interference of UWB on NB: Waveform Analysis.

      UWB Pulse Model.

      Effect of NB Receive Filter.

      BER Analysis.

      Time-Hopped Case.

      Simulation Results.

    Aggregate UWB Interference Modeling.

      Received Power.

      Asymptotic Pdf of Aggregate Noise.

      Amplitudes: Aggregate Pdf.

      Bernoulli and Poisson Models.

      Simulation Examples.

    Interference Analysis: NB on UWB.

    Interference Analysis: UWB on UWB.

    Summary.

8. Simulation.

    What’s Different about UWB SystemSimulations?

      Direct/Quadrature Signal Decomposition.

      Model Development for UWB Systems.

      UWB Simulation Development Challenges.

    Developing a Simulation.

    Simulation Methodologies—A Brief Review.

      Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques.

      Semi-Analytic Simulation Techniques.

      Discrete Event Simulation Techniques.

      Multicarrier UWB (MC-UWB) Simulation.

    UWB Component Simulation.

      UWB Pulse Generation and Modulation.

      Signal Ampli?cation.

      Simulation of Antenna Effects.

      Simulation of UWB Channels.

    Summary.

9. Networking.

    How Is UWB Networking Different?

    UWB Physical Layer Issues.

    Data Link Layer Design.

      Objectives of the Data Link Layer.

      Contention-Based Medium Access Control.

      ChannelPartition Medium Access Control.

      MultipleAccess Protocols for UWB Networks.

      Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request.

    UWB Multiple Hop Ad Hoc Networks.

      Hierarchical Network Topologies.

      Flat Network Topologies.

    Other Networking Issues.

      TCP Performance in a Wireless Environment.

      Quality of Service Management.

    Summary.

10. APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES.

    Specialized Applications for UWB Signals.

    Applications.

      High Resolution Radar Applications.

      Communications Applications.

      Location Aware Communications Applications.

      Channel Sounding Applications.

    Case Studies.

      XtremeSpectrum Incorporated (XSI)/Motorola Trinity Chipset.

      Time Domain Corp–PulsON Chipset.

      Multispectral Solutions Incorporated (MSSI).

      Aether Wire and Location Localizers.

      802.15.3a.

      802.15.4a Devices.

    Summary.

Appendix A. Range Analysis of UWB Signals Using Time of Arrival.

Appendix B. UWB Standards for WPANs.

    IEEE 802.15.3/3a MAC.

    IEEE 802.15.3a PHY.

    MB-OFDM PHY.

    DS-UWB PHY.

    Summary.

Appendix C. UWB Regulations.

    FCC.

    World.

About The Editor.

About The Authors.

Index.