The Visual Neurosciences

Description:

Visual science is the model system for neuroscience, its findings relevant to all other areas. This massive collection of papers by leading researchers in the field will become an essential reference for researchers and students in visual neuroscience, and will be of importance to researchers and professionals in other disciplines, including molecular and cellular biology, cognitive science, ophthalmology, psychology, computer science, optometry, and education.

Over 100 chapters cover the entire field of visual neuroscience, from its historical foundations to the latest research and findings in molecular mechanisms and network modeling. The book is organized by topic--different sections cover such subjects as the history of vision science; developmental processes; retinal mechanisms and processes; organization of visual pathways; subcortical processing; processing in the primary visual cortex; detection and sampling; brightness and color; form, shape,and object recognition; motion, depth, and spatial relationships; eye movements; attention and cognition; and theoretical and computational perspectives. The list of contributors includes leading international researchers in visual science.

Leo M. Chalupa is Professor in the Department of Ophthalmalogy and the Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior at the University of California, Davis.

John S. Werner is Professor in the Department of Ophthalmalogy and the Section of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior at the University of California, Davis.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Preface	xiii
I.	HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS	1
1.	Vision Structure and Function: The Early History Mitchell Glickstein	3
2.	The Role of Single-Unit Analysis in the Past and Future of Neurobiology Horace Barlow	14
II.	DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES	31
3.	Molecular Regulation of Vertebrate Retinal Development Colin J. Barnstable	33
4.	Neurotrophins, Electrical Activity, and the Development of Visual Function Nicoletta Berardi and Lamberto Maffei	46
5.	Developmental and Genetic Control of Cell Number in the Retina Robert W. Williams and Sally A. Moody	63
6.	Development of the Vertebrate Retina Rachel O.L. Wong and Leanne Godinho	77
7.	The Development of Retinal Decussations Carol Mason and Lynda Erskine	94
8.	The Development of Eye-Specific Segregation in the Retino-Geniculo-Striate Pathway Barbara Chapman	108
9.	The Role of Neural Activity in the Development of Orientation Selectivity Chiayu Chiu and Michael Weliky	117
10.	Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Visual Cortex Nigel W. Daw	126
11.	Ontogenesis of Cortical Connectivity Henry Kennedy and Andreas Burkhalter	146
12.	Neural Limitations on Visual Development in Primates Lynne Kiorpes and J. Anthony Movshon	159
13.	Development of Spatial Selectivity and Response Timing in Humans Anthony M. Norcia	174
14.	The Effects of Selected Forms of Early Visual Deprivation on Perception Donald E. Mitchell	189
15.	Toward a Future for Aging Eyes R.A. Weale	205
III.	RETINAL MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES	213
16.	Visual Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors Mary E. Burns and Trevor D. Lamb	215
17.	How Retinal Circuits Optimize the Transfer of Visual Information Peter Sterling	234
18.	ON and OFF Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina and Visual System Ralph Nelson and Helga Kolb	260
19.	Retinal Synapses Martin Wilson	279
20.	Retinal Neurotransmitters Robert E. Marc	304
21.	Excitation in the Retina: The Flow, Filtering, and Molecules of Visual Signaling in the Glutamatergic Pathways from Photoreceptors to Ganglion Cells David R. Copenhagen	320
22.	Peptide and Peptide Receptor Expression and Function in the Vertebrate Retina Nicholas C. Brecha	334
23.	Inhibition in the Retina Malcolm M. Slaughter	355
24.	Anatomy, Circuitry, and Physiology of Vertebrate Horizontal Cells Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and Ralph Nelson	369
25.	Retinal Amacrine Cells David I. Vaney	395
26.	Ganglion Cells in Mammalian Retinae Paul R. Martin and Ulrike Grunert	410
27.	Retinal Ganglion Cell Excitability Andrew T. Ishida	422
28.	Direction Selectivity in Retinal Ganglion Cells Richard H. Masland	451
29.	Spatial Regularity among Retinal Neurons Jeremy E. Cook	463
IV.	ORGANIZATION OF VISUAL PATHWAYS	479
30.	The M, P, and K Pathways of the Primate Visual System Ehud Kaplan	481
31.	Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective Vivien A. Casagrande and Xiangmin Xu	494
32.	Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex David C. Van Essen	507
33.	Communications between Cortical Areas of the Visual System Jean Bullier	522
34.	Ventral and Dorsal Cortical Processing Streams Leslie G. Ungerleider and Tatiana Pasternak	541
V.	SUBCORTICAL PROCESSING	563
35.	The Visual Relays in the Thalamus S. Murray Sherman and R.W. Guillery	565
36.	The Visual Functions of the Pulvinar Christian Casanova	592
37.	Feedback Systems in Visual Processing Adam M. Sillito and Helen E. Jones	609
38.	Light Responsiveness and Photic Entrainment of the Mammalian Circadian Clock Johanna H. Meijer and Joseph S. Takahashi	626
39.	Learning from the Pupil: Studies of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications John L. Barbur	641
40.	Blindsight Larry Weiskrantz	657
VI.	PROCESSING IN PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX	671
41.	Functional Connectivity in the Pathway from Retina to Striate Cortex R. Clay Reid and W. Martin Usrey	673
42.	Cell Types and Local Circuits in Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey Edward M. Callaway	680
43.	Assembly of Receptive Fields in Primary Visual Cortex David Ferster	695
44.	A Modern View of the Classical Receptive Field: Linear and Nonlinear Spatiotemporal Processing by V1 Neurons Gregory C. DeAngelis and Akiyuki Anzai	704
45.	Beyond the Classical Receptive Field: Contextual Modulation of V1 Responses Victor A. F. Lamme	720
46.	Contributions of Vertical and Horizontal Circuits to the Response Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Thomas R. Tucker and David Fitzpatrick	733
47.	Nonlinear Properties of Visual Cortex Neurons: Temporal Dynamics, Stimulus Selectivity, Neural Performance Duane G. Albrecht, Wilson S. Geisler and Alison M. Crane	747
48.	Binocular Interaction in the Visual Cortex Ralph D. Freeman	765
49.	From Binocular Disparity to the Perception of Stereoscopic Depth Andrew J. Parker	779
VII	DETECTION AND SAMPLING	793
50.	Formation and Acquisition of the Retinal Image David R. Williams and Heidi Hofer	795
51.	Thresholds and Noise Theodore E. Cohn	811
52.	Ideal Observer Analysis Wilson S. Geisler	825
53.	Scotopic Vision Walter Makous	838
54.	Visual Adaptation Adam Reeves	851
55.	Rod-Cone Interactions in Human Vision Steven L. Buck	863
VIII.	BRIGHTNESS AND COLOR	879
56.	Brightness and Lightness Adriana Fiorentini	881
57.	Color Appearance Kenneth Knoblauch and Steven K. Shevell	892
58.	Chromatic Discrimination Joel Pokorny and Vivianne C. Smith	908
59.	The Role of Color in Spatial Vision Karen K. De Valois	924
60.	Pattern-Selective Adaptation in Color and Form Perception Michael A. Webster	936
61.	Color Constancy David H. Brainard	948
62.	Comparative Color Vision Gerald H. Jacobs	962
63.	Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision and Color Vision Defects Maureen Neitz and Jay Neitz	974
64.	Linking Retinal Circuits to Color Opponency David J. Calkins	989
65.	Neural Coding of Color Russell L. De Valois	1003
66.	The Processing of Color in Extrastriate Cortex Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Daniel C. Kiper	1017
67.	Improbable Areas in Color Vision Semir Zeki	1029
IX.	FORM, SHAPE, AND OBJECT RECOGNITION	1041
68.	Spatial Scale in Visual Processing Robert F. Hess	1043
69.	Spatial Channels in Vision and Spatial Pooling Hugh R. Wilson and Frances Wilkinson	1060
70.	Contour Integration and the Lateral Connections of V1 Neurons David J. Field and Anthony Hayes	1069
71.	Shape Dimensions and Object Primitives Charles E. Connor	1080
72.	Shape and Shading Jan J. Koenderink and Andrea J. van Doorn	1090
73.	Visual Perception of Texture Michael S. Landy and Norma Graham	1106
74.	Visual Segmentation and Illusory Contours Robert Shapley, Nava Rubin and Dario Ringach	1119
75.	Global Yet Early Processing of Visual Surfaces Yukiyasu Kamitani and Shinsuke Shimojo	1129
76.	Image Parsing Mechanisms of the Visual Cortex Rudiger von der Heydt	1139
77.	Inferotemporal Response Properties Keiji Tanaka	1151
78.	Invariant Object and Face Recognition Edmond T. Rolls	1165
79.	The Ventral Visual Object Pathway in Humans: Evidence from fMRI Nancy G. Kanwisher	1179
X.	MOTION, DEPTH, AND SPATIAL RELATIONS	1191
80.	Motion Cues in Insect Vision and Navigation Mandayam A. Srinivasan and Shaowu Zhang	1193
81.	The Middle Temporal Area: Motion Processing and the Link to Perception Kenneth H. Britten	1203
82.	Merging Processing Streams: Color Cues for Motion Detection and Interpretation Karen R. Dobkins and Thomas D. Albright	1217
83.	Functional Mapping of Motion Regions Guy A. Orban and Wim Vanduffel	1229
84.	Optic Flow William H. Warren	1247
85.	The Cortical Analysis of Optic Flow Charles J. Duffy	1260
86.	The Perceptual Organization of Depth Roland Fleming and Barton L. Anderson	1284
87.	Stereoopsis Clifton M. Schor	1300
88.	Binocular Rivalry Randolph Blake	1313
89.	Sensorimotor Transformation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex Hans Scherberger and Richard A. Andersen	1324
XI.	EYE MOVEMENTS	1337
90.	Gaze Control under Natural Conditions Robert M. Steinman	1339
91.	Eye Movements in Daily Life Michael F. Land	1357
92.	Selection of Targets for Saccadic Eye Movements Jeffery D. Schall	1369
93.	Visual Perception during Saccades David C. Burr and M. Concetta Morrone	1391
94.	Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements: Recent Advances Stephen J. Heinen and Edward L. Keller	1402
95.	Neural Control of Vergence Eye Movements Lawrence E. Mays	1415
96.	The Primate Frontal Eye Field Charles J. Bruce, Harriet R. Friedman, Michael S. Kraus and Gregory B. Stanton	1428
97.	Changing Views of the Role of Superior Colliculus in the Control of Gaze Neeraj J. Gandhi and David L. Sparks	1449
98.	The Dialogue between Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus: Implications for Saccadic Target Selection and Corollary Discharge Marc A. Sommer and Robert H. Wurtz	1466
99.	Cerebellar Control of Eye Movements David S. Zee and Mark F. Walker	1485
XII.	ATTENTION AND COGNITION	1499
100.	Visual Perception and Cognition in Honeybees Shaowu Zhang and Mandayam A. Srinivasan	1501
101.	A Neural Basis for Human Visual Attention Sabine Kastner	1514
102.	Neural and Behavioral Measures of Change Detection Daniel J. Simons and Michael Silverman	1524
103.	The Role of Attention in Visual Cerebral Cortex John H.R. Maunsell	1538
104.	Volition and the Prefrontal Cortex Earl K. Miller and Jonathan D. Wallis	1546
XIII	THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL PERSPECTIVES	1561
105.	The Evolution of the Visual System in Primates Jon H. Kaas	1563
106.	Gestalt Factors in the Visual Neurosciences Lothar Spillmann and Walter H. Ehrenstein	1573
107.	Neural Mechanisms of Natural Scene Perception Jack L. Gallant	1590
108.	Principles of Image Representation in Visual Cortex Bruno A. Olshausen	1603
109	Local Analysis of Visual Motion Eero P. Simonocelli	1616
110.	Visual Boundaries and Surfaces Stephen Grossberg	1624
111.	How the Visual Cortex Recognizes Objects: The Tale of the Standard Model Maximilian Riesenhuber and Tomaso Poggio	1640
112.	Plasticity of Orientation Processing in Adult Visual Cortex Valentin Dragoi and Mriganka Sur	1654
113.	Synchrony, Oscillations, and Relational Codes Wolf Singer	1665
114.	The Neuronal Basis of Visual Consciousness Christof Koch and Francis C. Crick	1682
	List of Contributors	C1
	Index	I1