A Biologist's Guide to Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Evolution (Hardcover)

Sarah P. Otto, Troy Day

  • 出版商: Princeton University
  • 出版日期: 2007-03-12
  • 售價: $1,350
  • 貴賓價: 9.8$1,323
  • 語言: 英文
  • 頁數: 744
  • 裝訂: Hardcover
  • ISBN: 0691123446
  • ISBN-13: 9780691123448
  • 相關分類: 地理資訊系統 Gis
  • 下單後立即進貨 (約5~7天)

商品描述

<內容簡介>

Thirty years ago, biologists could get by with a rudimentary grasp of mathematics and modeling. Not so today. In seeking to answer fundamental questions about how biological systems function and change over time, the modern biologist is as likely to rely on sophisticated mathematical and computer-based models as traditional fieldwork. In this book, Sarah Otto and Troy Day provide biology students with the tools necessary to both interpret models and to build their own.

The book starts at an elementary level of mathematical modeling, assuming that the reader has had high school mathematics and first-year calculus. Otto and Day then gradually build in depth and complexity, from classic models in ecology and evolution to more intricate class-structured and probabilistic models. The authors provide primers with instructive exercises to introduce readers to the more advanced subjects of linear algebra and probability theory. Through examples, they describe how models have been used to understand such topics as the spread of HIV, chaos, the age structure of a country, speciation, and extinction.

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists today need enough mathematical training to be able to assess the power and limits of biological models and to develop theories and models themselves. This innovative book will be an indispensable guide to the world of mathematical models for the next generation of biologists.

*A how-to guide for developing new mathematical models in biology
*Provides step-by-step recipes for constructing and analyzing models
*Interesting biological applications
*Explores classical models in ecology and evolution
*Questions at the end of every chapter
*Primers cover important mathematical topics
*Exercises with answers
*Appendixes summarize useful rules
*Labs and advanced material available

<章節目錄>

Preface ix

Chapter 1: Mathematical Modeling in Biology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 HIV 2
1.3 Models of HIV/AIDS 5
1.4 Concluding Message 14


Chapter 2: How to Construct a Model 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Formulate the Question 19
2.3 Determine the Basic Ingredients 19
2.4 Qualitatively Describe the Biological System 26
2.5 Quantitatively Describe the Biological System 33
2.6 Analyze the Equations 39
2.7 Checks and Balances 47
2.8 Relate the Results Back to the Question 50
2.9 Concluding Message 51


Chapter 3: Deriving Classic Models in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Exponential and Logistic Models of Population Growth 54
3.3 Haploid and Diploid Models of Natural Selection 62
3.4 Models of Interactions among Species 72
3.5 Epidemiological Models of Disease Spread 77
3.6 Working Backward--Interpreting Equations in Terms of the Biology 79
3.7 Concluding Message 82


Primer 1: Functions and Approximations 89
P1.1 Functions and Their Forms 89
P1.2 Linear Approximations 96
P1.3 The Taylor Series 100


Chapter 4: Numerical and Graphical Techniques--Developing a Feeling for Your Model 110
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Plots of Variables Over Time 111
4.3 Plots of Variables as a Function of the Variables Themselves 124
4.4 Multiple Variables and Phase-Plane Diagrams 133
4.5 Concluding Message 145


Chapter 5: Equilibria and Stability Analyses--One-Variable Models 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Finding an Equilibrium 152
5.3 Determining Stability 163
5.4 Approximations 176
5.5 Concluding Message 184


Chapter 6: General Solutions and Transformations--One-Variable Models 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Transformations 192
6.3 Linear Models in Discrete Time 193
6.4 Nonlinear Models in Discrete Time 195
6.5 Linear Models in Continuous Time 198
6.6 Nonlinear Models in Continuous Time 202
6.7 Concluding Message 207


Primer 2: Linear Algebra 214
P2.1 An Introduction to Vectors and Matrices 214
P2.2 Vector and Matrix Addition 219
P2.3 Multiplication by a Scalar 222
P2.4 Multiplication of Vectors and Matrices 224
P2.5 The Trace and Determinant of a Square Matrix 228
P2.6 The Inverse 233
P2.7 Solving Systems of Equations 235
P2.8 The Eigenvalues of a Matrix 237
P2.9 The Eigenvectors of a Matrix 243


Chapter 7: Equilibria and Stability Analyses--Linear Models with Multiple Variables 254
7.1 Introduction 254
7.2 Models with More than One Dynamic Variable 255
7.3 Linear Multivariable Models 260
7.4 Equilibria and Stability for Linear Discrete-Time Models 279
7.5 Concluding Message 289


Chapter 8: Equilibria and Stability Analyses--Nonlinear Models with Multiple Variables 294
8.1 Introduction 294
8.2 Nonlinear Multiple-Variable Models 294
8.3 Equilibria and Stability for Nonlinear Discrete-Time Models 316
8.4 Perturbation Techniques for Approximating Eigenvalues 330
8.5 Concluding Message 337


Chapter 9: General Solutions and Tranformations--Models with Multiple Variables 347
9.1 Introduction 347
9.2 Linear Models Involving Multiple Variables 347
9.3 Nonlinear Models Involving Multiple Variables 365
9.4 Concluding Message 381


Chapter 10: Dynamics of Class-Structured Populations 386
10.1 Introduction 386
10.2 Constructing Class-Structured Models 388
10.3 Analyzing Class-Structured Models 393
10.4 Reproductive Value and Left Eigenvectors 398
10.5 The Effect of Parameters on the Long-Term Growth Rate 400
10.6 Age-Structured Models--The Leslie Matrix 403
10.7 Concluding Message 418


Chapter 11: Techniques for Analyzing Models with Periodic Behavior 423
11.1 Introduction 423
11.2 What Are Periodic Dynamics? 423
11.3 Composite Mappings 425
11.4 Hopf Bifurcations 428
11.5 Constants of Motion 436
11.6 Concluding Message 449


Chapter 12: Evolutionary Invasion Analysis 454
12.1 Introduction 454
12.2 Two Introductory Examples 455
12.3 The General Technique of Evolutionary Invasion Analysis 465
12.4 Determining How the ESS Changes as a Function of Parameters 478
12.5 Evolutionary Invasion Analyses in Class-Structured Populations 485
12.6 Concluding Message 502


Primer 3: Probability Theory 513
P3.1 An Introduction to Probability 513
P3.2 Conditional Probabilities and Bayes' Theorem 518
P3.3 Discrete Probability Distributions 521
P3.4 Continuous Probability Distributions 536
P3.5 The (Insert Your Name Here) Distribution 553


Chapter 13: Probabilistic Models 567
13.1 Introduction 567
13.2 Models of Population Growth 568
13.3 Birth-Death Models 573
13.4 Wright-Fisher Model of Allele Frequency Change 576
13.5 Moran Model of Allele Frequency Change 581
13.6 Cancer Development 584
13.7 Cellular Automata--A Model of Extinction and Recolonization 591
13.8 Looking Backward in Time--Coalescent Theory 594
13.9 Concluding Message 602


Chapter 14: Analyzing Discrete Stochastic Models 608
14.1 Introduction 608
14.2 Two-State Markov Models 608
14.3 Multistate Markov Models 614
14.4 Birth-Death Models 631
14.5 Branching Processes 639
14.6 Concluding Message 644


Chapter 15: Analyzing Continuous Stochastic Models--Diffusion in Time and Space 649
15.1 Introduction 649
15.2 Constructing Diffusion Models 649
15.3 Analyzing the Diffusion Equation with Drift 664
15.4 Modeling Populations in Space Using the Diffusion Equation 684
15.5 Concluding Message 687
Epilogue: The Art of Mathematical Modeling in Biology 692


Appendix 1: Commonly Used Mathematical Rules 695
A1.1 Rules for Algebraic Functions 695
A1.2 Rules for Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 695
A1.3 Some Important Sums 696
A1.4 Some Important Products 696
A1.5 Inequalities 697


Appendix 2: Some Important Rules from Calculus 699
A2.1 Concepts 699
A2.2 Derivatives 701
A2.3 Integrals 703
A2.4 Limits 704


Appendix 3: The Perron-Frobenius Theorem 709
A3.1: Definitions 709
A3.2: The Perron-Frobenius Theorem 710


Appendix 4: Finding Maxima and Minima of Functions 713
A4.1 Functions with One Variable 713
A4.2 Functions with Multiple Variables 714


Appendix 5: Moment-Generating Functions 717


Index of Definitions, Recipes, and Rules 725
General Index 727

商品描述(中文翻譯)

內容簡介:

三十年前,生物學家對數學和建模的理解可以很基礎。但現在不同了。為了回答有關生物系統如何運作和隨時間變化的基本問題,現代生物學家與傳統的野外工作一樣,更有可能依賴複雜的數學和基於計算機的模型。在這本書中,Sarah Otto和Troy Day為生物學學生提供了解讀模型和建立自己模型所需的工具。

本書從數學建模的初級水平開始,假設讀者具有高中數學和大一微積分的基礎。Otto和Day逐漸加深和複雜,從生態學和進化的經典模型到更複雜的類結構和概率模型。作者通過例子描述了模型如何被用來理解HIV的傳播、混沌、一個國家的年齡結構、物種形成和滅絕等主題。

今天的生態學家和進化生物學家需要足夠的數學培訓,以能夠評估生物模型的能力和限制,並發展理論和模型。這本創新的書將成為下一代生物學家進入數學模型世界的不可或缺的指南。

*生物學中開發新數學模型的實用指南
*提供構建和分析模型的逐步指南
*有趣的生物學應用
*探索生態學和進化的經典模型
*每章末尾有問題
*入門指南涵蓋重要的數學主題
*附有答案的練習題
*附錄總結有用的規則
*提供實驗室和高級材料

章節目錄:

前言 ix

第一章:生物學中的數學建模 1
1.1 簡介 1
1.2 HIV 2
1.3 HIV/AIDS模型 5
1.4 結論 14

第二章:如何構建模型 17
2.1 簡介 17
2.2 制定問題 19
2.3 確定基本要素 19
2.4 定性描述生物系統 26
2.5 定量描述生物系統 33
2.6 分析方程式 39
2.7 檢查和平衡 47
2.8 將結果與問題相關聯 50
2.9 結論 51

第三章:推導生態學和進化生物學中的經典模型 54
3.1 簡介 54
3.2 人口增長的指數和羅吉斯蒂克模型 54
3.3 自然選擇的單倍體和雙倍體模型 62