Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessor Systems, 2/e

Description

Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors addresses the technologies and methods used in interfacing analog devices to microprocessors, providing in-depth coverage of practical control applications, op amp examples, and much more. A companion to the author's popular Embedded Microprocessor Systems: Real World Design, this new embedded systems book focuses on measurement and control of analog quantities in embedded systems that are required to interface to the real world. At a time when modern electronic systems are increasingly digital, a comprehensive source on interfacing the real world to microprocessors should prove invaluable to embedded systems engineers, students, technicians, and hobbyists. Anyone involved in connecting the analog environment to their digital machines, or troubleshooting such connections will find this book especially useful. Stuart Ball is also the author of Debugging Embedded Microprocessor Systems, both published by Newnes. Additionally, Stuart has written articles for periodicals such as Circuit Cellar INK, Byte, and Modern Electronics.

Table of Contents

1 System Design  1 (12)
 Dynamic Range
  1 (1)
 Calibration
  2 (3)
 Bandwidth
  5 (1)
 Processor Throughput
  6 (1)
 Avoiding Excess Speed
  7 (1)
 Other System Considerations
  8 (3)
 Sample Rate and Aliasing
  11 (2)
2 Analog-to-Digital Converters  13 (34)
 ADCs
  15 (2)
 Types of ADCs
  17 (8)
 ADC Comparison
  25 (1)
 Sample and Hold
  26 (3)
 Real Parts
  29 (1)
 Microprocessor Interfacing
  30 (5)
 Clocked Interfaces
  35 (1)
 Serial Interfaces
  36 (5)
 Multichannel ADCs
  41 (1)
 Internal Microcontroller ADCs
  42 (1)
 Codecs
  43 (1)
 Interrupt Rates
  44 (1)
 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers
  44 (2)
 Design Checklist
  46 (1)
3 Sensors  47 (44)
 Temperature Sensors
  47 (12)
 Optical Sensors
  59 (12)
 CCDs
  71 (11)
 Magnetic Sensors
  82 (4)
 Motion/Acceleration Sensors
  86 (3)
 Strain Gauges
  89 (2)
4 Time-Based Measurements  91 (16)
 Measuring Period versus Frequency
  94 (2)
 Mixing
  96 (2)
 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters
  98 (2)
 Clock Resolution and Range
  100 (2)
 Extending Accuracy with Limited Resolution
  102 (5)
5 Output Control Methods  107 (38)
 Open-Loop Control
  107 (1)
 Negative Feedback and Control
  107 (1)
 Microprocessor-Based Systems
  108 (1)
 On-Off Control
  109 (3)
 Overshoot
  112 (1)
 Proportional Control
  112 (4)
 Proportional, Integral, Derivative Control
  116 (11)
 Motor Control
  127 (6)
 Predictive Control
  133 (1)
 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops
  134 (4)
 PID Software Examples
  138 (5)
 Things to Remember in Control Design
  143 (2)
6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs  145 (26)
 Solenoids
  145 (4)
 Heaters
  149 (6)
 Coolers
  155 (2)
 LEDS
  157 (5)
 DACs
  162 (1)
 Digital Potentiometers
  163 (3)
 Analog Switches
  166 (5)
7 Motors  171 (44)
 Stepper Motors
  171 (19)
 DC Motors
  190 (16)
 Tradeoffs between Motors
  206 (1)
 Power-Up Issues
  207 (1)
 Motor Torque
  208 (1)
 A Real-World Stepper Application
  209 (6)
8 Electromagnetic Interference  215 (10)
 Ground Loops
  215 (5)
 Electrostatic Discharge
  220 (5)
9 High-Precision Applications  225 (18)
 Input Offset Voltage
  227 (1)
 Input Resistance
  228 (1)
 Frequency Characteristics
  229 (1)
 Temperature Effects in Resistors
  230 (1)
 Voltage References
  231 (2)
 Temperature Effects in General
  233 (1)
 Noise and Grounding
  234 (2)
 Printed Circuit Board Layout
  236 (3)
 Statistical Tolerancing
  239 (1)
 Supply-Based References
  240 (1)
 Summary
  241 (2)
10 Standard Interfaces  243 (4)
 IEEE 1451.2
  243 (1)
 4-20 ma Current Loop
  244 (1)
 Fieldbus
  245 (2)
11 Analog Toolbox  247 (28)
 Microcontroller Supply and Reference
  247 (2)
 Resistor Networks
  249 (1)
 Multiple Input Control
  250 (2)
 AC Control
  252 (2)
 Voltage Monitors and Supervisory Circuits
  254 (1)
 Driving Bipolar Transistors
  254 (3)
 Driving MOSFETs
  257 (4)
 Reading Negative Voltages
  261 (1)
 Example Control System
  262 (13)
Appendix A Opamp Basics  275 (12)
 Opamp Configurations
  275 (4)
 General Opamp Design Equations
  279 (1)
 Nonresistive Elements
  280 (1)
 Reversing the Inputs
  281 (1)
 Comparators
  281 (2)
 Hysteresis
  283 (2)
 Instrumentation Amplifiers
  285 (2)
Appendix B Pulse Width Modulation  287 (12)
 Why PWM?
  287 (5)
 Real Parts
  292 (1)
 Frequency Limitations
  292 (1)
 Resolution Limitations
  293 (1)
 Power-Supply Considerations
  294 (1)
 PWM and EMI
  294 (1)
 Audio Applications
  295 (1)
 PWM Hardware
  296 (1)
 PWM Software
  297 (2)
Appendix C Useful URLs  299 (2)
 Semiconductors
  299 (1)
 Motors
  299 (1)
 Other
  300 (1)
Appendix D Python Code for Chapter 11; Excel Data for Chapter 4  301 (6)
Glossary  307 (4)
Index  311