Introduction to Plasma Physics with Fusion Energy
暫譯: 等離子體物理與融合能源導論

科學家自核能時代開始以來，一直在嘗試在地球上重現驅動恆星的相同核融合反應。為了創造能讓輕核克服靜電排斥並釋放出大量能量的等離子體，氫同位素必須被加熱到數億度，以實現受控核融合。目前有兩種主要的方法：慣性約束融合（Inertial Confinement Fusion, ICF），它使用強烈的激光或粒子束將微小的燃料顆粒壓縮到極高的密度；以及磁約束融合（Magnetic Confinement Fusion, MCF），這一方法由如托卡馬克（tokamaks）和恆星器（stellarators）等設備所開創，利用強大的磁場來約束等離子體。這些策略的結合反映了人類對於清潔、幾乎無窮無盡的能源的最大膽追求。

本書對ICF和MCF系統進行了徹底的分析，將它們的實驗成功、理論基礎和技術挑戰整合成一本書。它通過將實驗室研究與天體物理過程和未來的發電方式聯繫起來，為讀者提供了一個客觀的、多學科的視角，讓人們了解融合產業。這項研究強調了互補性、共同挑戰以及推動融合研究前進的更大科學和社會經濟背景，與以往將每種方法獨立對待的文本形成對比。

本書的主要特點包括：
- 清晰解釋MCF和ICF中等離子體約束、加熱和點火的物理學。
- 涵蓋全球的標誌性設施，從國際熱核融合實驗反應堆（ITER）和恆星器到國家點火設施（National Ignition Facility, NIF）。
- 對約束策略、點火方案和商業可行性前景的比較分析。
- 融合實驗、天體物理現象和國家安全應用之間的聯繫。
- 對研究前沿、新興混合概念和通往融合電廠的途徑的前瞻性評估。

本書是一本關於受控融合的完整介紹和參考資料，專為物理學、工程學和能源科學的專業人士、研究人員和研究生撰寫。除了為讀者提供技術深度和對於駕馭恆星力量的努力的有用見解外，它還通過連結兩種主要的融合觀點而自我區分。

Bahman Zohuri currently works for Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc., a consulting firm that he started in 1991 when he left both the semiconductor and defense industries after many years work- ing as a chief scientist. After graduating from the University of Illinois, USA, in the field of physics and applied mathematics, he went to the University of New Mexico, USA, where he studied nuclear engineering and mechanical engineering. He joined Westinghouse Electric Corporation, where he performed thermal hydraulic analysis and studied natural circulation in an inherent shutdown, heat removal system (ISHRS) in the core of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) as a secondary fully inherent shutdown system for secondary loop heat exchange. All these designs were used in nuclear safety and reliability engineering for a self-actuated shutdown system. He designed a mercury heat pipe and electromagnetic pumps for large pool concepts of an LMFBR for heat rejection purposes for this reactor around 1978, when he received a patent for it. He was subsequently transferred to the defense division of Westinghouse, where he oversaw dynamic analysis and methods of launching and controlling MX missiles from canisters. The results were applied to MX launch seal performance and muzzle blast phenomena analysis (i.e., missile vibration and hydrodynamic shock formation). He was also involved in analytical calculations and computations in the study of non-linear ion waves in rarefying plasma. The results were applied to the propagation of so-called soliton waves and the resulting charge collector traces in the rarefaction characterization of the corona of laser-irradiated target pellets. As part of his graduate research work at Argonne National Laboratory, he performed computations and programming of multi-exchange integrals in surface physics and solid state physics. He earned various patents in areas such as diffusion processes and diffusion furnace design while working as a senior process engineer at various semiconductor companies, such as Intel Corp., Varian Medical Systems, and National Semiconductor Corporation. He later joined Lockheed Martin Missile and Aerospace Corporation as Senior Chief Scientist and oversaw the research and development (R&D) and the study of the vulnerability, survivability, and both radiation and laser hardening of different components of the Strategic Defense Initiative, known as Star Wars.

This included payloads (i.e., IR sensor) for the Defense Support Program, the Boost Surveillance and Tracking System, and Space Surveillance and Tracking Satellite against laser and nuclear threats. While at Lockheed Martin, he also performed analyses of laser beam characteristics and nuclear radiation interactions with materials, transient radiation effects in electronics, electromagnetic pulses, system-generated electromagnetic pulses, single-event upset, blast, thermomechanical, hardness assurance, maintenance, and device technology.

He spent several years as a consultant at Galaxy Advanced Engineering serving Sandia National Laboratories, where he supported the development of operational hazard assessments for the Air Force Safety Center in collaboration with other researchers and third parties. Ultimately, the results were included in Air Force Instructions issued specifically for directed energy weapons operational safety. He completed the first version of a comprehensive library of detailed laser tools for airborne lasers, advanced tactical lasers, tactical high-energy lasers, and mobile/tactical high-energy lasers, for example.

He also oversaw SDI computer programs, in connection with Battle Management C3I and artificial intelligence, and autonomous systems. He is the author of several publications and holds several patents, such as for a laser-activated radioactive decay and results of a through-bulkhead initiator. He has published the following works: Heat Pipe Design and Technology: A Practical Approach; Dimensional Analysis and Self-Similarity Methods for Engineering and Scientists; High Energy Laser (HEL): Tomorrow's Weapon in Directed Energy Weapons Volume I; and recently a book on the subject of Directed Energy Weapons and Physics of High Energy Laser. He has published other books, including Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Reactors.

Seyed Kamal Mousavi Balgehshiri is a PhD researcher focused on the design and development of a Test Blanket Module (TBM) for burning Minor Actinides (MA) and nuclear waste while producing Tritium in the RFP-TOKAMAK at the University of Genova. He also conducts strategic studies on nuclear energy programs, reviewing global progress in advanced nuclear reactor development, energy planning, and modelling. With different countries pursuing diverse strategies to ensure energy security, meet climate goals, and transition to net-zero emissions, he notes that today's short-term decisions will have long-term effects. Despite the changing landscape, energy security and effective strategy adoption for diversifying the energy portfolio remain key priorities for policymakers.

One of his main interests is strategic energy planning, particularly SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis in nuclear energy macroplanning. He believes that accurate situational analysis is critical for companies and organizations to develop strategies that achieve their goals.

He holds a BSc in chemical engineering from the University of Tabriz, Iran, where he focused on chemical analysis in laboratory settings. He later earned an MSc nuclear engineering, specializing in the nuclear fuel cycle and materials at Amirkabir University of Technology. During his MSc studies, he began researching advanced nuclear fuels, nuclear fuel cycles, and reactors.

He is also interested in research on nuclear fission reactors for space applications, particularly for powering equipment (kilowatt-class) in space. He recognizes the importance of nuclear energy for both spacecraft propulsion and providing power for equipment needed in space exploration, especially for missions beyond the solar system.

Another key area of his research focuses on the strategies of advanced nuclear countries in diversifying and securing nuclear fuel supplies based on the "reactor-fuel cycle" network. He emphasizes that choosing the best long-term strategy for a reliable nuclear fuel supply is essential for the development of nuclear energy. Additionally, his work includes Technology Readiness Assessment (TRA) for advanced nuclear fuels and Advanced Small Modular Reactors (ASMR). He highlights the importance of evaluating the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and identifying Critical Technology Elements (CTEs) when introducing new technologies to determine a maturity plan.

**巴赫曼·佐赫里**目前在Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc.工作，這是一家他於1991年創立的顧問公司，當時他離開了半導體和國防行業，結束了多年擔任首席科學家的工作。他畢業於美國伊利諾伊大學，主修物理和應用數學，隨後前往美國新墨西哥大學，專攻核工程和機械工程。他加入了西屋電氣公司，進行熱水力分析，並研究液態金屬快中子反應堆（LMFBR）核心中固有關閉、熱移除系統（ISHRS）中的自然循環，作為次級完全固有關閉系統的次級迴路熱交換。所有這些設計都用於核安全和可靠性工程，以實現自動關閉系統。他在1978年設計了一種汞熱管和電磁泵，用於LMFBR的大型池概念，以便於該反應堆的熱排放，並因此獲得專利。隨後，他被調到西屋的國防部門，負責MX導彈的動態分析及其從發射筒發射和控制的方法。這些結果應用於MX發射密封性能和炮口爆炸現象分析（即導彈振動和流體動力學衝擊形成）。他還參與了稀薄等離子體中非線性離子波的分析計算和計算。這些結果應用於所謂的孤子波的傳播以及激光照射目標顆粒的稀薄特徵中的電荷收集器痕跡。作為他在阿貢國家實驗室的研究生研究工作的一部分，他進行了表面物理和固態物理中多重交換積分的計算和編程。他在多家半導體公司（如英特爾公司、瓦里安醫療系統和國家半導體公司）擔任高級工藝工程師期間，獲得了多項專利，涉及擴散過程和擴散爐設計等領域。之後，他加入洛克希德·馬丁導彈與航空航天公司，擔任高級首席科學家，負責研究和開發（R&D）以及對戰略防禦倡議（即星際大戰）中不同組件的脆弱性、生存能力以及輻射和激光硬化的研究。

這包括針對激光和核威脅的防禦支援計劃的有效載荷（即紅外線傳感器）、增強監視和追蹤系統以及空間監視和追蹤衛星。在洛克希德·馬丁工作期間，他還分析了激光束特性和核輻射與材料的相互作用、電子設備中的瞬態輻射效應、電磁脈衝、系統產生的電磁脈衝、單事件擾動、爆炸、熱機械、硬度保證、維護和設備技術。

他在Galaxy Advanced Engineering擔任顧問多年，為桑迪亞國家實驗室提供服務，支持與其他研究人員和第三方合作開發空軍安全中心的操作危害評估。最終，這些結果被納入專門針對定向能武器操作安全的空軍指令中。他完成了針對空中激光、先進戰術激光、戰術高能激光和移動/戰術高能激光的詳細激光工具的綜合庫的第一版。

他還監督了與戰鬥管理C3I和人工智慧、自主系統相關的SDI計算機程序。他是多篇出版物的作者，並擁有多項專利，例如激光啟動的放射性衰變和穿透艙壁啟動器的結果。他出版了以下作品：《熱管設計與技術：實用方法》；《工程師和科學家的維度分析與自相似方法》；《高能激光（HEL）：明天的定向能武器第一卷》；以及最近一本關於《定向能武器與高能激光物理》的書。他還出版了其他書籍，包括《核電廠系統中的熱力學》和《核反應堆的熱水力分析》。

**賽義德·卡馬爾·穆薩維·巴爾蓋希里**是一名專注於設計和開發測試包層模組（TBM）以燃燒次要錒系元素（MA）和核廢料，同時在熱核聚變反應堆（RFP-TOKAMAK）中生產氚的博士研究員。他還進行核能計劃的戰略研究，審查全球在先進核反應堆開發、能源規劃和建模方面的進展。隨著不同國家追求多樣化的策略以確保能源安全、達成氣候目標和過渡到淨零排放，他指出，當前的短期決策將對長期產生影響。儘管形勢不斷變化，能源安全和有效的策略採用以多樣化能源組合仍然是政策制定者的關鍵優先事項。

他的一個主要興趣是戰略能源規劃，特別是在核能宏觀規劃中的SWOT（優勢、劣勢、機會和威脅）分析。他認為，準確的情況分析對於公司和組織制定實現其目標的策略至關重要。

他擁有伊朗塔布里茲大學的化學工程學士學位，專注於實驗室環境中的化學分析。隨後，他在阿米爾卡比爾科技大學獲得核工程碩士學位，專攻核燃料循環和材料。在碩士學習期間，他開始研究先進核燃料、核燃料循環和反應堆。

他還對太空應用的核裂變反應堆研究感興趣，特別是為太空中的設備（千瓦級）供電。他認識到核能對於太空船推進和提供太空探索所需設備的電力的重要性，尤其是對於超越太陽系的任務。

他研究的另一個關鍵領域是先進核國家在多樣化和確保核燃料供應方面的策略，基於“反應堆-燃料循環”網絡。他強調，選擇最佳的長期策略以確保可靠的核燃料供應對於核能的發展至關重要。此外，他的工作還包括對先進核燃料和先進小型模組反應堆（ASMR）的技術成熟度評估（TRA）。他強調，在引入新技術時，評估技術成熟度水平（TRL）和識別關鍵技術要素（CTEs）以確定成熟計劃的重要性。