Leadership in Nursing: Experiences from the European Nordic Countries
暫譯: 護理領導：來自歐洲北歐國家的經驗

本書探討護理科學在歐洲北歐國家所扮演的領導角色。來自丹麥、芬蘭、冰島、挪威和瑞典的護理研究領導者，反思護理人員的領導力、社會發展以及各自國家的護理科學現狀，以及護理人員所面臨的成功與挑戰。本書突顯了代表性的領導項目，專注於例如基於證據的臨床實踐、教育和研究，這些項目對每個國家的病人和醫療保健結果產生了影響。

本書顯示，作為一門科學學科，護理在這五個北歐國家迅速發展。這些國家的人均護理人員數量高於其他國家（OECD 2016），並且所有公民都能獲得醫療保健。此外，北歐國家的護理資格早期就基於大學教育，並且擁有的護理教授數量也高於其他國家。因此，這本關於北歐國家護理領導的書籍分享了重要且開創性的專業知識，將惠及全球的護理人員和護理科學家。

Dr. Thóra B. Hafsteinsdóttir, RN, PhD, is a professor of nursing at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland and a senior researcher at the Department of Nursing Science, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, and Department of Health care at the University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht the Netherlands. Since 2014 she is a director of the Board of Directors of Sigma Theta Tau International, honor society of nursing international. Dr. Hafsteinsdóttir received her BSc degree in 1984 from University of Iceland, her MSc in 1994 from University of Wales and her PhD in 2003 from University of Utrecht. Her research has focused on nursing rehabilitation of patients with stroke and on leadership research, PhD education and leadership development of nurses. She chairs the Dutch Leadership Mentoring in Nursing Research for postdoctoral nurses and the Nursing Leadership Educational Program for Doctoral Nursing Students and Postdoctoral Nurses in Europe, the Nurse-Lead project, a collaboration between seven partners in six European countries which include Iceland, Netherlands, Finland, Germany, Lithuania and Portugal. Dr. Hafsteinsdóttir serves on numerous national and international committees. She gives lectures nationally and internationally. Her recent research received funding from the Research Fund of the University of Iceland, NordForsk, the Nordic Economic and Social Research Council, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, ZonMw and the Erasmus + Programme.

Dr. Kirsten Lomborg, RN, MScN, PhD is a professor at Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and from 2018 partly employed at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Denmark. She received her registered nursing certificate in 1980 and has continued to qualify for the highest level of education in nursing science combined with several supplementary educations in didactics, leadership, and research management. From 2007 to 2012 Kirsten Lomborg was the head of Section for Nursing at Aarhus University, Denmark. Throughout her career, she has strived for the connection between nursing theory and practice and close collaboration between clinical practice, education, research and management. In 2013 she was appointed professorship with special responsibility in patient involvement. This responsibility has since been her driving force and has resulted in several national contributions and international publications along with the establishment and lead of the Research Programme in Patient Involvement at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Her research interests include person-centred care, shared decision-making, self-management support, and personal care planning, often combined with new technical and structural solutions where patient-reported outcome measures form an important element of developing value-based healthcare that works on the users' premises.
Dr. Helena Leino-Kilpi, RN, PhD is a professor and chair, Head of the Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, and Nurse director (part-time) in Turku University Hospital in Finland. She is nationally and internationally well-known expert in the field of nursing and health sciences, a registered nurse with clinical expertise in surgical-intensive nursing care, MEd and PhD in nursing science. Main teaching area of Helena Leino-Kilpi is health care and nursing ethics. She has supervised more than 50 graduated PhDs in nursing science, has been chairing years the Finnish National Doctoral Network in Nursing Science, taught research ethics in the European Academy of Nursing Science and is a member of the management board of the Baltic Sea Region Doctoral Network. Her research is in three main areas, in health care and nursing ethics, clinical nursing and health care education. Her research is strongly international and she has published around 500 scientific, referee-based publications. She has several international and national academic duties, is Honorary Doctor in the University of Klaipeda, (Lithuania), and a Fellow of European Academy of Nursing Science
Dr. Helga Jonsdottir, RN, PhD, FAAN, is a Professor at the Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland and holds a joint position as an academic chair of nursing care for chronically ill adults at Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik Iceland. She received her baccalaureate degree in nursing from the University of Iceland in 1981 and a master's degree in nursing in 1988 from the University of Minnesota in the USA. In 1995 she defended her doctoral thesis in nursing from the same school. Jonsdottir's research has focused on developing partnership-based nursing care for chronically ill patients and their families. Along with practice development, assessment of complex health problems, e.g. hemispatial neglect, has recently become prominent in her research. The translation of science through academic-practice partnership has extended from University of Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital to include chronic care populations in the hospital, intensive care units, in out-patient clinics -pulmonary, neurological and elderly- to research and interdisciplinary and international collaboration at University Medical Center, Utrecht the Netherlands and some universities in Scandinavia. These activities have received funding from the Research Fund of the University of Iceland, Rannis, the Icelandic Center for Research, NordForsk, the Nordic Economic and Social Research Council and the Erasmus + Programme.
Dr. Marit Kirkevold, RN, Ed.D. is a professor of nursing science at the University of Oslo, Norway. She completed basic training as a professional nurse at Oslo University college in Norway in 1981 and a Bachelor of nursing at Long Island University, NY in 1984. She received a Master of Arts and a Master of Education Degree in nursing from Columbia University, NY in 1986 and a Doctor of Education from Columbia University, NY in 1989. Kirkevold's research has focused on long term care of older people and nursing care of persons suffering from chronic conditions. She also has an interest in the historical development of nursing science. She initiated and led a Norwegian teaching nursing home program between 1997 and 2003 and has led the Research Center for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Services and Models (CHARM) during the last six years. She is currently the head of a National research school aimed at developing research capacity within the municipal health and care services in Norway and leader of the research group on psychosocial wellbeing following stroke. Kirkevold has been the main supervisor for almost 30 PhD candidates. She has been a professor of nursing science at Aarhus University in Denmark for a number of years, and has established research collaboration with several Danish colleagues. She is currently guest professor at Gothenburg University in Sweden and has been involved in international research collaboration in the area of aged care, psychosocial rehabilitation and wellbeing and person-centered dementia care for a number of years.
Dr. Ingalill Rahm Hallberg, RN, spec in mental health, RNT, PhD, FEANS, FAAN is professor emeritus at Lund University, in Sweden. She is honorary member of the Swedish Medical Society. She worked about 20 years as a nurse, mainly in mental health. After obtaining her PhD she was elected pro-dean at the medical faculty, Lund University for six years. She also was the head of the Vårdalinstitutet during six years and there she built up this interdisciplinary research environment. Thereafter she was assistant vice chancellor at Lund University. Before retirement she was also pro-vice chancellor at the university. She has been the main supervisor of 29 nurses obtaining a PhD and co-supervisor to eight nurses obtaining their PhD. She has published more than 225 original papers in international peer reviewed papers, several books or book chapters, internationally as well as in Swedish. Her current research is exploring the relationship between body and mind, specifically "The molecular fingerprints of psychological resilience in breast cancer patients," a study initiated by her. In addition she is researching the care of people with dementia in nine Swedish municipalities.

Dr. Thóra B. Hafsteinsdóttir, RN, PhD，是冰島大學護理學院的護理學教授，以及烏特勒支大學醫學中心朱利斯中心護理科學部的高級研究員，並在荷蘭烏特勒支應用科技大學的健康護理部任職。自2014年以來，她擔任國際護理榮譽學會Sigma Theta Tau International的董事會董事。Hafsteinsdóttir博士於1984年獲得冰島大學的學士學位，1994年獲得威爾斯大學的碩士學位，2003年獲得烏特勒支大學的博士學位。她的研究專注於中風患者的護理康復以及領導力研究、博士教育和護理人員的領導力發展。她主持荷蘭護理研究中的領導力導師計劃，為博士後護理人員提供指導，並負責歐洲的護理領導教育計劃，該計劃是七個合作夥伴在六個歐洲國家（包括冰島、荷蘭、芬蘭、德國、立陶宛和葡萄牙）之間的合作項目。Hafsteinsdóttir博士參與了許多國內和國際委員會，並在國內外進行演講。她最近的研究獲得了冰島大學研究基金、NordForsk、北歐經濟和社會研究委員會、荷蘭健康研究與發展組織、ZonMw和Erasmus +計劃的資助。

Dr. Kirsten Lomborg, RN, MScN, PhD是奧胡斯大學臨床醫學系的教授，自2018年起部分任職於丹麥斯特諾糖尿病中心。她於1980年獲得註冊護理證書，並持續獲得護理科學的最高教育水平，並結合多項補充教育，包括教學法、領導力和研究管理。從2007年到2012年，Kirsten Lomborg擔任丹麥奧胡斯大學護理系的負責人。在她的職業生涯中，她一直致力於護理理論與實踐之間的聯繫，以及臨床實踐、教育、研究和管理之間的緊密合作。2013年，她被任命為專責患者參與的教授。這一責任自此成為她的推動力，並導致了多項國內貢獻和國際出版物的產生，以及在丹麥奧胡斯大學醫院建立和領導患者參與研究計劃。她的研究興趣包括以人為中心的護理、共同決策、自我管理支持和個人護理計劃，通常結合新的技術和結構解決方案，其中患者報告的結果指標是發展以價值為基礎的醫療保健的重要元素。

Dr. Helena Leino-Kilpi, RN, PhD是土耳其大學醫學院護理科學系的教授和主任，並在芬蘭土耳其大學醫院擔任兼職護理主任。她是護理和健康科學領域的國內外知名專家，擁有臨床外科重症護理專業的註冊護士資格，並獲得護理科學的碩士和博士學位。Helena Leino-Kilpi的主要教學領域是健康護理和護理倫理。她指導了超過50名護理科學博士畢業生，曾多年擔任芬蘭國家護理科學博士網絡的主席，並在歐洲護理科學院教授研究倫理，還是波羅的海地區博士網絡的管理委員會成員。她的研究主要集中在健康護理和護理倫理、臨床護理和健康護理教育三個領域。她的研究具有強烈的國際性，已發表約500篇科學、同行評審的出版物。她擁有多項國際和國內的學術職務，是立陶宛克萊佩達大學的榮譽博士，也是歐洲護理科學院的院士。

Dr. Helga Jonsdottir, RN, PhD, FAAN是冰島大學健康科學學院護理學的教授，並在冰島雷克雅維克的國立醫院擔任慢性病成人護理的學術主席。她於1981年在冰島大學獲得護理學學士學位，1988年在美國明尼蘇達大學獲得護理碩士學位。1995年，她在同一所學校完成了護理博士論文。Jonsdottir的研究專注於為慢性病患者及其家庭發展基於夥伴關係的護理護理。除了實踐發展外，對複雜健康問題的評估，例如半側空間忽視，最近在她的研究中變得突出。通過學術與實踐的夥伴關係，科學的轉化已從冰島大學和國立醫院擴展到包括住院病人、重症監護病房、門診診所（如肺部、神經和老年病）以及在烏特勒支大學醫學中心和一些斯堪的納維亞大學的研究和跨學科國際合作。這些活動獲得了冰島大學研究基金、Rannis、冰島研究中心、NordForsk、北歐經濟和社會研究委員會以及Erasmus +計劃的資助。

Dr. Marit Kirkevold, RN, Ed.D.是挪威奧斯陸大學的護理科學教授。她於1981年在挪威奧斯陸大學學院完成了專業護理的基礎訓練，並於1984年在長島大學獲得護理學學士學位。她於1986年在哥倫比亞大學獲得護理碩士學位和教育碩士學位，並於1989年獲得教育博士學位。Kirkevold的研究專注於老年人的長期護理和慢性病患者的護理。她還對護理科學的歷史發展感興趣。她於1997年至2003年發起並領導了一個挪威教學護理之家計劃，並在過去六年中領導了康復和重建服務與模式研究中心（CHARM）。她目前是旨在發展挪威市政健康和護理服務研究能力的國家研究學校的負責人，並領導一個關於中風後心理社會福祉的研究小組。Kirkevold已擔任近30名博士候選人的主要指導教師。她曾在丹麥奧胡斯大學擔任護理科學教授多年，並與多位丹麥同事建立了研究合作。她目前是瑞典哥德堡大學的客座教授，並在老年護理、心理社會康復和以人為中心的癡呆護理等領域參與了多年的國際研究合作。

Dr. Ingalill Rahm Hallberg, RN, 精神健康專家, RNT, PhD, FEANS, FAAN是瑞典隆德大學的名譽教授。她是瑞典醫學會的榮譽會員。她在護理領域工作了約20年，主要專注於心理健康。在獲得博士學位後，她被選為隆德大學醫學院的副院長，任期六年。她還曾擔任Vårdalinstitutet的負責人六年，並在那裡建立了這個跨學科的研究環境。之後，她擔任隆德大學的助理副校長。在退休之前，她還擔任該大學的副校長。她是29名獲得博士學位的護理人員的主要指導教師，並擔任八名獲得博士學位的護理人員的共同指導教師。她在國際同行評審的期刊上發表了超過225篇原創論文，並出版了幾本書或書章，無論是在國際上還是在瑞典。她目前的研究探索身心之間的關係，特別是「乳腺癌患者心理韌性的分子指紋」，這是一項由她發起的研究。此外，她還在瑞典九個市鎮研究癡呆症患者的護理。