Big Data Privacy and Security in Smart Cities

This book highlights recent advances in smart cities technologies, with a focus on new technologies such as biometrics, blockchains, data encryption, data mining, machine learning, deep learning, cloud security, and mobile security.

During the past five years, digital cities have been emerging as a technology reality that will come to dominate the usual life of people, in either developed or developing countries. Particularly, with big data issues from smart cities, privacy and security have been a widely concerned matter due to its relevance and sensitivity extensively present in cybersecurity, healthcare, medical service, e-commercial, e-governance, mobile banking, e-finance, digital twins, and so on. These new topics rises up with the era of smart cities and mostly associate with public sectors, which are vital to the modern life of people.

This volume summarizes the recent advances in addressing the challenges on big data privacy and security in smart cities and points out the future research direction around this new challenging topic.

本書重點介紹了智慧城市技術的最新進展，尤其關注新技術，如生物識別、區塊鏈、數據加密、數據挖掘、機器學習、深度學習、雲安全和移動安全。

在過去的五年中，數字城市已成為一個技術現實，將在發達國家和發展中國家的人們日常生活中佔據主導地位。特別是在智慧城市的大數據問題中，隱私和安全一直是廣泛關注的問題，因為它們在網絡安全、醫療保健、醫療服務、電子商務、電子治理、移動銀行、電子金融、數字孿生等領域中具有重要性和敏感性。這些新議題隨著智慧城市時代的到來而興起，主要與公共部門有關，對人們的現代生活至關重要。

本書彙總了解決智慧城市大數據隱私和安全挑戰的最新進展，並指出了這一新挑戰性主題的未來研究方向。

Dr. Richard Jiang is a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the School of Computing & Communications at Lancaster University, UK. He is a Fellow of HEA and a Member of EPSRC College, and served as an invited Expert and Panel Member on EPSRC panels. His research interest mainly resides in the fields of Biometrics, AI Ethics, Private Learning, Quantum AI, Neuronal Computation, AI-Automated Healthcare, Satellite/Aerial Image Analysis and Biodiversity. Dr Jiang's recent research has been supported by grants from EPSRC (EP/P009727/1), Leverhulme Trust (RF-2019-492), Qatar Science Foundation (NPRP No.8-140-2-065) and other industry/international funders. He has supervised and co-supervised 20 PhD students. He authored over 100 refereed publications and was the editor of a number of books and special issues. He has served as a PC/Editorial member and a reviewer for various international conferences and research journals.
Professor Ahmed Bouridane received the 'Ingenieur d'État' degree in electronics from Ecole Nationale Polytechnque of Algiers (ENPA), Algeria, in 1982, the M.Phil. degree in electrical engineering (VLSI design for signal processing) from the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK, in 1988, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering (computer vision) from the University of Nottingham, UK, in 1992. From 1992 to 1994, he worked as Research Developer in telesurveillance and access control applications. In 1994, he joined Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, initially as Lecturer in computer architecture and image processing and then as Reader in computer science. He became Professor in Image Engineering and Security at Northumbria University at Newcastle (UK) in 2009. He is currently the director of Centre for Data Analytics and Cybersecurity, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. His research interests are in imaging for forensics and security, biometrics, homeland security, image/video watermarking, and cryptography. He has authored and co-authored more than 200 publications.
Professor Chang-Tsun Li received a BSc degree in electrical engineering from National Defense University, Taiwan, the MSc degree in computer science from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA, and the PhD degree in computer science from the University of Warwick, UK. He is currently Professor of Cyber Security at Deakin University and Director of Research of Deakin's Cyber Security Research and Innovation Centre (CSRI). He has had over 20 years of research experience in multimedia forensics and security, biometrics, machine learning, data analytics, computer vision, image processing, pattern recognition, bioinformatics and content-based image retrieval. The outcomes of his research have been translated into award-winning commercial products protected by a series of international patents and have been used by a number of law enforcement agencies, national security institutions and companies around the world, including INTERPOL (Lyon, France), UK Home Office, Metropolitan Police Service (UK), Sussex Police Service (UK), Guildford Crown Court (UK), and US Department of Homeland Security. In addition to his active contribution to the advancement of his field of research through publication, Chang-Tsun Li is also enthusiastically serving the international cyber security community. He is currently Vice Chair of Computational Forensics Technical Committee of the International Association of Pattern Recognition (IAPR), Member of IEEE Information Forensics and Security Technical Committee, Associate Editor of IEEE Access, the EURASIP Journal of Image and Video Processing and IET Biometrics. In the past 8 years, Chang-Tsun has been active in facilitating the cross-fertilisation of multimedia forensics and biometrics through his leadership in a number of multinational projects.
Professor Danny Crookes is an emeritus professor in Computer Science, Queens University Belfast, UK. He was appointed to the Chair of Computer Engineering in 1993 at Queens University Belfast, and was Head of Computer Science from 1993 to 2002. He was Director of Research for Speech, Image and Vision Systems at the Institute for Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT) at Queens University Belfast before he retired in 2017. His current research interests include the use of novel architectures (especially GPUs) for high-performance image processing. He has applied expertise in language design, optimizing compilers and software generators, plus software tools for hardware description and architecture generation, to the goal of developing high level software tools to enable rapid development of real-time video processing systems. He has published over 200 scientific papers in journals and international conferences, and has presented tutorials on parallel image processing at several international conferences.
Said Boussakta is Professor of Communications and Signal Processing at the ISC Group in the School of Engineering at Newcastle University. He has over 27 year research experience in digital signal processing and communications. His major research contributions are in the areas of fast transforms and algorithms for communication and signal processing applications, encryption techniques, and bio-inspired technologies 1. He has received funding EPSRC (GR/M42060/01, GR/S98160/01, GR/S08160/02, EP/H004637), MOD (2043/097), EU (Co-Health) and industry (e.g. Schlumberger and BTL Medical). He has published over 200 articles and is currently supervising a large number of research projects. More recently he has led work on encryption, communications, and e-Health. He is a member of EPSRC Peer Review College, the chair, and technical committee member of international conferences, e.g. ICC, Senior Member of IEEE and Fellow of the IET. Prof. S. Boussakta has over 16 years research experience in digital signal and image processing, fast transforms and algorithms, DSP and communications, including six years as Senior Research Associate. His major research interests are in the areas of fast transforms and algorithms for DSP and multidimensional signal processing applications, encryption techniques, digital signal processing and communications techniques and systems. He has successfully introduced and developed many new algorithms and transforms [1-8]. His research experience has been through projects supported by industry (Schlumberger, BTL Medical, HW Communications etc..), EPSRC GR/M42060/01 and GR/M42060/02 'A Novel Hybrid Parallel Method for Digital Image and Multidimensional Signal Processing Applications', EPSRC GR/S98160/01 and GR/S08160/02 'New Approach to Data Encryption Using Two-dimensional New Transforms', MOD (DRA Agreement No. 2043/097) 'Finite Number Systems in Digital Signal Processing' and the Royal Society (Q803) Spreading Sequences Design for Future CDMA Communications Systems. He has published over 100 papers in international journals and conference proceedings and is currently supervising a number of research projects. Prof. Boussakta has an international reputation in his field. More recently he has led work on the development of multidimensional algorithms for 3D applications [2, 7]. He is a member of EPSRC Peer Review College, the chair of the Signal Processing for Communications Symposium at ICC06, ICC07, and ICC08, a member of the technical committees of several international conferences, a senior member of IEEE Communications, member of the Signal Processing and Computer Societies and a fellow of the IET.
Professor Feng Hao is a professor of Security Engineering at the Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick. He graduated with a PhD from the Security Group, at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. I had six years working experience in security industry with a CISSP before joining Newcastle University Computing Science as a lecturer in December 2010. His research interest (and that of my research team) is primarily driven by tackling real-world security problems. He proposed the first secure solution to combine iris biometrics and cryptography, the two complementary security technologies. His paper 'Combining crypto with biometrics effectively' (IEEE Trans. on Computers, 2006) is ranked the top among the Google Scholar Classic Papers in the category of computer security and cryptography. With colleagues, he designed a few cryptographic protocols: AV-net (so far the most efficient solution to the Dining Cryptographers problem), YAK, J-PAKE, Open Vote network, DRE-i and DRE-ip (demo). So far, none of these protocols have been broken. Besides designing secure protocols, he cryptanalyzes insecure protocols. With Siamak Shahandashti, he found and fixed security weaknesses in SPEKE, a password-authenticated key exchange protocol that has been standardized in IEEE P1363.2 and ISO/IEC 11770-4. The attacks have been acknowledged by ISO/IEC SC 27 Work Group 2, and the standard has been revised in 2017 to incorporate their proposed fix. His research has been supported by many grants such as the 1.5 million euros ERC starting grant to support his further investigation on SEEV (one of the 7 such awards in computer science in the UK, and 34 in total in the Europe), and in 2015, a follow-up ERC Proof of Concept grant to support commercialization of SEEV.
Professor Eran A. Edirisinghe is currently the Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research & Innovation) of Keele University. He joined Keele University in August 2021, having previously served at Loughborough University in various academic and leadership roles, including being the Head of Department of Computer Science (2011-2014) and Associate Dean for Enterprise, School of Science (2015-2021). Having received a BSc.Eng.(Hons.) degree in Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering from Moratuwa University, Sri Lanka, in 1994, Eran received his MSc degree in Digital Communication Systems and PhD degree in Computer Science from Loughborough University, in 1996 and 1999, respectively. He joined Loughborough University as a Lecturer in Computer Science in 2000. His research expertise is in the areas of image processing, image enhancement, video coding, computer vision, pattern recognition, machine learning and deep neural networks. Eran's research has contributed significantly to the UK industry and economy. He actively contributed to the strengthening of the R&I portfolio of Apical Ltd., a global award-winning UK based SME that supplied smart digital camera and display technology to all top mobile, digital camera and TV brands, which was acquired by ARM UK in 2016 for a record $320M. His research group's partnership with Apical Ltd., was awarded the prestigious, Loughborough University Enterprise Award for Knowledge Transfer in both 2013 and 2014. Eran has held research grants to the value of over £15M funded by the EPSRC, DTI/Innovate UK, UK industry and has collaborated with 30+ industry partners in delivering high impact research. He has also published 180+ academic papers and 20+ confidential industry research reports. A passionate advocate of PhD student supervision and training, Eran has supervised over 40 PhD students, many of whom hold senior leadership positions in UK/International universities and industry. He continues to focus on conducting high impact, applied research in Deep Neural Networks supported, imaging applications in digital cameras, drones, automated document analysis systems, future smart-TVs and display systems.

Dr. Richard Jiang是英國蘭卡斯特大學計算與通信學院的高級講師（副教授）。他是HEA的會士和EPSRC學院的成員，並曾擔任EPSRC專家和評審小組的邀請專家和評審小組成員。他的研究興趣主要集中在生物特徵、人工智能倫理、私人學習、量子人工智能、神經計算、人工智能自動化醫療、衛星/航空影像分析和生物多樣性等領域。江博士的最新研究得到了EPSRC（EP/P009727/1）、Leverhulme信託基金（RF-2019-492）、卡塔爾科學基金會（NPRP No.8-140-2-065）和其他行業/國際資助者的資助。他指導和共同指導了20名博士生。他撰寫了100多篇經過同行評審的論文，並編輯了一些書籍和特刊。他曾擔任各種國際會議和研究期刊的PC/編輯成員和評審人。

Ahmed Bouridane教授於1982年在阿爾及利亞阿爾及爾國家理工學院（ENPA）獲得電子工程學士學位，於1988年在英國紐卡斯爾大學獲得電氣工程學碩士學位（用於信號處理的VLSI設計），並於1992年在英國諾丁漢大學獲得電氣工程學博士學位（計算機視覺）。從1992年到1994年，他在遠程監控和門禁應用領域擔任研究開發人員。1994年，他加入了英國貝爾法斯特女王大學，最初擔任計算機架構和圖像處理講師，後來擔任計算機科學讀者。他於2009年成為英國紐卡斯爾北部大學的圖像工程和安全教授。他目前是阿拉伯聯合酋長國沙迦大學數據分析和網絡安全中心的主任。他的研究興趣包括圖像取證和安全、生物特徵、國土安全、圖像/視頻水印和加密。他已經撰寫和合著了200多篇論文。

Chang-Tsun Li教授在台灣國防大學獲得電氣工程學士學位，美國海軍研究生院獲得計算機科學碩士學位，英國華威大學獲得計算機科學博士學位。他目前是迪肯大學的網絡安全教授，並擔任迪肯大學網絡安全研究和創新中心（CSRI）的研究主任。他在多媒體取證和安全、生物特徵、機器學習、數據分析、計算機視覺、圖像處理、模式識別、生物信息學和基於內容的圖像檢索方面擁有超過20年的研究經驗。他的研究成果已經轉化為獲獎的商業產品，並受到一系列國際專利的保護，被世界各地的执法机构、国家安全机构和公司使用，包括国际刑警组织（法国里昂）、英国内政部、大都会警察局（英国）、萨塞克斯警察局（英国）、吉尔福德皇家法院（英国）和美国国土安全部。除了通过出版物积极推动他的研究领域的发展外，Chang-Tsun Li还热心为国际网络安全社区服务。他目前是国际模式识别协会（IAPR）计算取证技术委员会副主席，IEEE信息取证和安全技术委员会成员，IEEE Access、EURASIP图像和视频处理杂志以及IET生物特征的副编辑。在过去的8年中，Chang-Tsun通过在多个跨国项目中的领导地位，积极促进了多媒体取证和生物特征之间的相互交流。

Danny Crookes教授是英國貝爾法斯特女王大學計算機科學的名譽教授。他於2009年被任命為計算機工程講座教授。