An Introduction to Artificial Psychology: Application Fuzzy Set Theory and Deep Machine Learning in Psychological Research Using R

「人工心理學（AP）」是心理學中一個高度跨學科的研究領域。AP試圖解決心理學研究中出現的問題，並需要一種強大的分析方法。傳統的統計方法存在根本性的限制。這些方法在理論上很好，但往往無法模擬現實世界。心理學研究人員一直試圖通過簡化研究模型來克服這一問題。然而，這種立場最近並未受到太多實際關注。推動和改進人工智能有助於心理學研究人員找到一個全面的心理模型。通過使用多個觀點和多個數據集以及互動和逼真的模型，這一發展實現了這一目標。本書從理論和實踐的角度考慮了心理研究中的近似推理方法。定量變量導向方法和定性案例導向方法都用於解釋面向集合的方法，本書結合了定量方法的精確性和定性方法的信息。這是一本許多研究人員可以用來擴展和深化心理研究的書籍，也是一本對研究生學生有用的書籍。讀者不需要深入了解數學或統計學，因為統計和數學直覺在這裡是關鍵，並且將通過實踐學習。重要的是要理解和使用這些方法的新應用，以找到新的、動態和逼真的解釋。本書將理論模糊推理和深度機器學習算法實踐結合起來。這是我們在學生時期希望擁有的一種書籍。本書涵蓋了心理研究中至少一些最重要的問題，包括不確定性、模糊性、連續性、複雜性和高維度，這些都是心理數據固有的元素。這些是人工心理學的要素。本書使用R軟件實現模型。

Hojjatollah Farahani is Assistant Professor at the Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran. He received his Ph.D. from Isfahan University in 2009, and he was a postdoctoral researcher in Fuzzy inference at the Victoria University in Australia (2014-2015), where he started working on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) under supervision of professor Yuan Miao. He is the author or co-author of more than 150 research papers and a reviewer in numerous scientific journals. He has supervised and advised many theses and dissertations in psychological sciences. His research interests and directions include psychometrics, advanced behavioral statistics, fuzzy psychology, artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in psychology.

Marija Blagojevic is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Technical Sciences Čačak, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, at the Department of Information technology. Born in 1984, she obtained her MSc degree in 2007 and PhD degree in technical sciences in 2014. Her current research interests include data mining, artificial neural networks, e-learning, programming, etc. With fifteen years of experience in teaching and research activities, she is the author or co-author of more than 80 research papers, patents, technical solutions and a reviewer in numerous scientific journals. She is also a reviewer of projects and study programs and a member of partner universities for Tempus and Erasmus projects. She was a member of the organizational and scientific committees of several conferences and a member of the Commission for self-evaluation at the faculty. She was project coordinator for one innovative project in the domain of technology transfer.

Parviz Azadfallah has a PhD in Health Psychology and became qualified in several international academic courses in Neuropsychology and Psychodynamic Psychotherapies. He started his scientific activity at the Psychology Department of Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran in 1999. He conducted many research projects and supervised 45 PhD theses and more than 50 Master dissertations from 1999 to 2023. He is the author or co-author of more than 250 research papers. He is also the author of some books, and his last book, Embodied Ego, uses a developmental approach to explain mind-body integration. He founded the Neuropsychology Laboratory of TMU in 2017. He is also a member of the Cognitive Neuroscience Department at TMU since 2019. Most of his research projects are based on experimental designs. On the other hand, he conducted many projects with the aim of knowledge construction through fundamental qualitative and culture-bound studies.

Peter Watson holds three degrees in Mathematical Statistics including a PhD (Manchester). He has been providing statistical support in various ways to the research at CBSU, the Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, England (and its predecessor, the Applied Psychology Unit) since 1994 (and prior to that fulfilling a similar role at the MRC Age and Cognitive Performance ResearchCentre in Manchester, England). He is the co-author of over 100 papers and lectures at the University of Cambridge. He is a statistical referee for several journals including BMJ Open and the Journal of Affective Disorders. He has also been a major contributor of articles to the on-line CBSU statswiki web pages which receive upwards of 100,000 visits annually. He has also been secretary, since 1996, of the Cambridge Statistics Discussion Group and chair and meetings organiser for the SPSS users group (ASSESS) since 2001 and has also been a member of the Clinical Trials Advisory Panel for Alzheimer's Research UK.

Forogh Esrafilian is Assistant Professor at the Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran. Her interests include psychopathology, cultural and cross-cultural psychology and developmental cognitive psychology.

Sara Saljoughi was born on March 1, 1995. She received her Bachelor's in Electrical engineering from the Iran University of Science and Technology. Afterward, she discovered her intense passion for Cognitive science; as a result, she changed her academic direction and followed her passion. Right now, she is in the final stage of her master's in cognitive psychology and looks forward to continuing her studies in a Ph.D. program. Her research interests include computational neuroscience, connectivity, biomarkers, and brain networks. She is keen to discover brain networks and biomarkers for psychiatric and mental disorders by ML approaches.

Hojjatollah Farahani是伊朗Tarbiat Modares大學的助理教授。他於2009年從伊斯法罕大學獲得博士學位，並在澳大利亞維多利亞大學（2014-2015年）擔任模糊推論的博士後研究員，並在該期間在Yuan Miao教授的指導下開始研究模糊認知圖（FCMs）。他是150多篇研究論文的作者或合著者，並在許多科學期刊上擔任審稿人。他在心理學科中指導和輔導了許多論文和學位論文。他的研究興趣和方向包括心理測量學、高級行為統計學、模糊心理學、人工智能和心理學中的機器學習算法。

Marija Blagojevic是塞爾維亞克拉古耶瓦茨大學（University of Kragujevac）技術科學學院的副教授，就職於信息技術系。她於1984年出生，於2007年獲得碩士學位，並於2014年獲得技術科學博士學位。她目前的研究興趣包括數據挖掘、人工神經網絡、電子學習、編程等。擁有十五年的教學和研究經驗，她是80多篇研究論文、專利、技術解決方案的作者或合著者，並在許多科學期刊上擔任審稿人。她還是項目和學習計劃的審稿人，並且是Tempus和Erasmus項目的合作大學的成員。她曾擔任幾個會議的組織和科學委員會成員，並且是該學院自我評估委員會的成員。她曾擔任一個技術轉移領域的創新項目的項目協調人。

Parviz Azadfallah在健康心理學方面獲得博士學位，並在神經心理學和心理動力學治療方面獲得多個國際學術課程的資格。他於1999年開始在伊朗Tarbiat Modares大學的心理學系進行科學活動。他從1999年到2023年指導了45個博士論文和50多個碩士學位論文，並且是250多篇研究論文的作者或合著者。他還是一些書籍的作者，他的最新著作《具體自我》（Embodied Ego）使用發展方法來解釋心身整合。他於2017年創立了Tarbiat Modares大學的神經心理學實驗室，並自2019年起成為該大學認知神經科學系的成員。他的大部分研究項目都基於實驗設計。另一方面，他通過基礎質性和文化相關研究進行了許多知識建構項目。

Peter Watson擁有三個數學統計學學位，包括博士學位（曼徹斯特）。自1994年以來，他一直在英國劍橋的CBSU（Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit）為研究提供統計支持，並在此之前在曼徹斯特的MRC Age and Cognitive Performance Research Centre擔任類似的角色。他是100多篇論文的合著者，並在劍橋大學講授。他是幾個期刊的統計審稿人，包括BMJ Open和Journal of Affective Disorders。他還是CBSU statswiki網頁的主要撰稿人，該網頁每年接待超過10萬次訪問。自1996年以來，他還擔任劍橋統計討論小組的秘書，自2001年以來擔任SPSS用戶組（ASSESS）的主席和會議組織者，並且還是阿爾茨海默病研究英國的臨床試驗諮詢小組的成員。

Forogh Esrafilian是伊朗Tarbiat Modares大學的助理教授。她的興趣包括心理病理學、文化和跨文化心理學以及發展性認知心理學。

Sara Saljoughi於1995年3月1日出生。