Analysis of Amyloid Using Various Methods

本書探討了淀粉樣蛋白的世界，這是一種由異質沉積物組成的物質，數十年來吸引了科學家的注意。淀粉樣蛋白的特徵是其高度有序的不可溶性蛋白纖維，展現出交錯的四級β-摺疊結構，包含多種成分，如P成分、唾液酸、O-酰基唾液酸和sGAG成分。這種組合形成了一種各向異性的實體，能在線性偏振光中引起雙折射，創造出獨特的光學特徵。

最初與人類疾病和組織損傷相關的觀念，認為淀粉樣蛋白僅對宿主造成傷害的主流觀點已受到挑戰。最近的開創性研究揭示了在意想不到的領域中存在功能性淀粉樣纖維，從細菌到哺乳動物。

1960年代和1970年代的進展，加上開創性的免疫組織化學研究，為1980年代淀粉樣蛋白的免疫生物學分析提供了動力。值得注意的工作，如淀粉樣纖維染色技術的探索和組織化學特性的綜合研究，豐富了對這種神秘沉積物的理解。

本書提供了有關健康和疾病中淀粉樣蛋白研究的最新概述，並收錄了享有盛譽的雙年淀粉樣蛋白論壇的貢獻。由一位擁有近五十年經驗的傑出研究者撰寫，本書包含五個精心 elaborated 的章節。

從人類和動物的沉積物到細菌形成、孤立纖維、朊病毒和淀粉樣蛋白相關的神經退行性疾病，每一類沉積物都進行了徹底的檢查。創新的拓撲光學染色技術——偏振顯微鏡、熒光顯微鏡和共聚焦激光掃描熒光顯微鏡——揭示了所有物種中的複雜結構。通過各種染色反應和不同的消化方法，驗證了相干的結構特徵。

一個關鍵部分剖析了動物朊病毒纖維，通過拓撲光學反應揭示其複雜的結構，並揭示成分的選擇性排列。

為了完成這一點，本書確認了淀粉樣纖維的假設螺旋結構。這一創新觀點通過激光掃描共聚焦熒光顯微鏡得到了驗證，顯示出有序且螺旋堆疊的淀粉樣蛋白纖維呈β-摺疊構象。與硫酸軟骨素、肝素硫酸和較鬆散的鞘脂鏈接的關聯進一步揭示了淀粉樣蛋白的結構複雜性。本書還提供了一次深入淀粉樣蛋白領域的旅程，結合歷史知識與尖端方法，重新定義了對這一複雜現象的理解。

Prof. Dr. med. Josef Makovitzky, born in Hungary in 1942, is a well-known figure in the field of amyloid and membrane research. His academic career began at the University of Pécs (Hungary), where he studied medicine from 1962 to 1968.

After completing his studies, he became an assistant doctor at the Institute of Pathology at the University of Pécs under Prof Dr George Romhányi, an amyloid researcher.

Later, he assumed the position of Prosector at the I. Institute of Pathology of the Semmelweis University of Budapest from 1973 to 1976 under Prof. Dr. K. Lapis. His dedication to education and medicine led him to become Deputy Head of the Department of Morphology at the ORFI Hospital in Budapest between 1976 and 1983. Prof. Makovitzky's academic journey took him to Jena, Germany, where he completed his habilitation in 1980 under the direction of Prof. Dr. Günther Geyer, which he defended in Budapest. He subsequently moved to Kiel and Erlangen, where he worked as a physician assistant and scientific assistant at the Institute of Pathology, respectively.

In the following years, he assumed duties as deputy chief physician at the AK Hamburg and visiting professor of pathology at the Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg. Prof. Makovitzky's dedication to education extended internationally, holding visiting professorships in Budapest, Pécs, Heidelberg, Freiburg i. Br., Ulm, and Szeged, covering diverse fields from neuropathology to special pathology and clinical pathology. Throughout his career, Prof. Makovitzky's academic contributions remained remarkable. He authored 329 publications, 65 book contributions, 1 monograph, and 3 books. His research interests encompass studies related to amyloid, membran and microscopy techniques.

In particular, his paper "The relevance of Aldehyde-bisulfite toluidine blue reaction and its variants in the submicroscopic carbohydrate research" gained prominence, remaining among the top ten histochemistry for three years. His academic activities have been recognized by his membership in prestigious institutions such as the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the European Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.

Dr. rer. nat. Thomas R. Appel, born in Germany in 1970, teaches chemistry, physics, and scientific project work at the Lower Saxony Boarding School in Bederkesa (near Bremen). His academic career began at the University of Halle/Saale (Germany), where he studied chemistry from 1990 to 1995.

After his studies, he obtained a Ph.D. in Biophysics at the University of Düsseldorf on the analysis of lipids and carbohydrates in prion amyloid. Later, he did postdoctoral studies and led a research group at the Leibniz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology in Jena (Germany) from 2000 to 2003. Since 2004 he has worked as a teacher and science coordinator at the Lower Saxony Boarding School.

Dr. Appel authored 20 original publications, several book contributions, patents, and public science papers. His research interests shifted from amyloid and analytical techniques to chemistry and physics didactics.

His discovery of a lipid and polysaccharide component in prion amyloid opened new insights into the complex composition of amyloid fibrils. He is a member of the German Chemical Society and the German Society for the Promotion of Teaching Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

Prof. Dr. med. Levente Emődy, born in Hungary in 1944, is an expert in the field of microbial pathogenesis. His academic career began at the University of Pécs (Hungary) where he studied medicine from 1963 to 1969.

After his studies, he started as a research assistant at the Department of Microbiology of the University of Pécs and progressed in the academic stages to become a professor and head at the same department. At present, he is professor emeritus at the University of Pécs. His research interest has focussed on infections by Listeria monocytogenes and various representatives of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. He has cooperated with the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Saint Petersburg, the University of Würzburg, the University of Lund, the University of Giessen, the University of Heidelberg, and the University of Freiburg / i.Br.

Research accomplishments: a) Characterisation of the biologic functions of Escherichia coli and Proteus morganii haemolysins, b) Description of the matrix protein binding capacities of human pathogenic Yersinia spp, Helicobacter pylori and Aeromonas salmonicida, c) Description of a new fimbria species (GVVPQ fimbriae) on the surface of Salmonella enteritidis and diarrhoic Escherichia coli. d) Demonstration that resuscitated "viable but non-culturable" Legionella pneumophila cells possess virulence capacity. e) Investigation of virulence functions connected with global regulatory gene sequences in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis, among others.

The results of the above research have been published in journals like Infection and Immunity, Journal of Bacteriology, Molecular Microbiology, and Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

He is a member of the Editorial Board at the Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica (1993-), Hungarian Medical Journal (2024-) and International Journal of Medical Microbiology (2005-2022), Editor of a book on urinary tract pathogens published by Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

He started the topo-optical investigation of the bacterial surface with Prof. J. Fischer in the 1970s and later extended this research to bacterial amyloids with Prof. J. Makovitzky, resulting in a chapter of this book.

Dr. Beáta Marianna Kovács, MSc, PhD, born in Hungary, in 1977, graduated in 2001 from Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Science, Budapest, MSc in Chemistry, Specialization in Pharmaceutical Research. She received her Ph.D. in 2009 from Szent István University, Budapest, Faculty of Veterinary Science.
Currently, she is working as a Business Development Manager at a global contract research organization providing support in pharmaceutical research and development.

教授醫學博士約瑟夫·馬科維茨基（Prof. Dr. med. Josef Makovitzky），1942年出生於匈牙利，是淀粉樣蛋白和膜研究領域的知名人物。他的學術生涯始於佩奇大學（University of Pécs，匈牙利），在1962年至1968年間學習醫學。

完成學業後，他在佩奇大學病理學研究所擔任助理醫生，指導教授為淀粉樣蛋白研究者喬治·羅曼哈尼（Prof Dr George Romhányi）。

隨後，他於1973年至1976年間在布達佩斯的塞梅爾維斯大學第一病理學研究所擔任解剖學主任，指導教授為K. 拉皮斯（Prof. Dr. K. Lapis）。他對教育和醫學的奉獻使他在1976年至1983年間成為布達佩斯ORFI醫院形態學部的副主任。馬科維茨基教授的學術旅程帶他前往德國耶拿，於1980年在古恩特·蓋耶教授（Prof. Dr. Günther Geyer）的指導下完成了資格認證，並在布達佩斯進行了辯護。隨後，他移居基爾和埃爾朗根，分別在病理學研究所擔任醫生助理和科學助理。

在接下來的幾年中，他擔任漢堡AK醫院的副主任醫生及馬丁·路德大學哈雷/維滕堡的病理學訪問教授。馬科維茨基教授對教育的奉獻延伸至國際，曾在布達佩斯、佩奇、海德堡、弗賴堡、烏爾姆和塞格德擔任訪問教授，涵蓋從神經病理學到特殊病理學和臨床病理學的多個領域。在他的職業生涯中，馬科維茨基教授的學術貢獻相當卓越。他發表了329篇論文、65篇書籍貢獻、1部專著和3本書籍。他的研究興趣包括與淀粉樣蛋白、膜和顯微技術相關的研究。

特別是，他的論文《醛-亞硫酸氫鈉托烯藍反應及其變體在亞微觀碳水化合物研究中的相關性》獲得了廣泛關注，並在三年內名列前十的組織化學論文中。他的學術活動獲得了匈牙利科學院和歐洲科學、藝術與文學學院等著名機構的認可。

德國自然科學博士托馬斯·R·阿佩爾（Dr. rer. nat. Thomas R. Appel），1970年出生於德國，在下薩克森州的貝德凱薩（Bederkesa，靠近不來梅）教授化學、物理和科學專案工作。他的學術生涯始於哈雷/薩勒大學（University of Halle/Saale，德國），在1990年至1995年間學習化學。

完成學業後，他在杜塞爾多夫大學獲得生物物理學博士學位，研究主題為朊病毒淀粉樣蛋白中的脂質和碳水化合物分析。隨後，他在耶拿的萊布尼茨分子生物技術研究所進行博士後研究，並於2000年至2003年間領導一個研究小組。自2004年以來，他在下薩克森州的寄宿學校擔任教師和科學協調員。

阿佩爾博士發表了20篇原創論文、若干書籍貢獻、專利和公共科學論文。他的研究興趣從淀粉樣蛋白和分析技術轉向化學和物理教學法。

他在朊病毒淀粉樣蛋白中發現的脂質和多醣成分為淀粉樣纖維的複雜組成提供了新的見解。他是德國化學學會和德國數學與自然科學教學促進協會的成員。

醫學教授雷文特·埃門迪（Prof. Dr. med. Levente Emődy），1944年出生於匈牙利，是微生物致病學領域的專家。他的學術生涯始於佩奇大學（University of Pécs，匈牙利），在1963年至1969年間學習醫學。

完成學業後，他在佩奇大學微生物學系擔任研究助理，並逐步晉升為該系的教授和主任。目前，他是佩奇大學的名譽教授。