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Description
Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors addresses the technologies and methods used in interfacing analog devices to microprocessors, providing in-depth coverage of practical control applications, op amp examples, and much more. A companion to the author's popular Embedded Microprocessor Systems: Real World Design, this new embedded systems book focuses on measurement and control of analog quantities in embedded systems that are required to interface to the real world. At a time when modern electronic systems are increasingly digital, a comprehensive source on interfacing the real world to microprocessors should prove invaluable to embedded systems engineers, students, technicians, and hobbyists. Anyone involved in connecting the analog environment to their digital machines, or troubleshooting such connections will find this book especially useful. Stuart Ball is also the author of Debugging Embedded Microprocessor Systems, both published by Newnes. Additionally, Stuart has written articles for periodicals such as Circuit Cellar INK, Byte, and Modern Electronics.
Table of Contents
1 System Design 1 (12)
Dynamic Range
1 (1)
Calibration
2 (3)
Bandwidth
5 (1)
Processor Throughput
6 (1)
Avoiding Excess Speed
7 (1)
Other System Considerations
8 (3)
Sample Rate and Aliasing
11 (2)
2 Analog-to-Digital Converters 13 (34)
ADCs
15 (2)
Types of ADCs
17 (8)
ADC Comparison
25 (1)
Sample and Hold
26 (3)
Real Parts
29 (1)
Microprocessor Interfacing
30 (5)
Clocked Interfaces
35 (1)
Serial Interfaces
36 (5)
Multichannel ADCs
41 (1)
Internal Microcontroller ADCs
42 (1)
Codecs
43 (1)
Interrupt Rates
44 (1)
Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers
44 (2)
Design Checklist
46 (1)
3 Sensors 47 (44)
Temperature Sensors
47 (12)
Optical Sensors
59 (12)
CCDs
71 (11)
Magnetic Sensors
82 (4)
Motion/Acceleration Sensors
86 (3)
Strain Gauges
89 (2)
4 Time-Based Measurements 91 (16)
Measuring Period versus Frequency
94 (2)
Mixing
96 (2)
Voltage-to-Frequency Converters
98 (2)
Clock Resolution and Range
100 (2)
Extending Accuracy with Limited Resolution
102 (5)
5 Output Control Methods 107 (38)
Open-Loop Control
107 (1)
Negative Feedback and Control
107 (1)
Microprocessor-Based Systems
108 (1)
On-Off Control
109 (3)
Overshoot
112 (1)
Proportional Control
112 (4)
Proportional, Integral, Derivative Control
116 (11)
Motor Control
127 (6)
Predictive Control
133 (1)
Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops
134 (4)
PID Software Examples
138 (5)
Things to Remember in Control Design
143 (2)
6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 145 (26)
Solenoids
145 (4)
Heaters
149 (6)
Coolers
155 (2)
LEDS
157 (5)
DACs
162 (1)
Digital Potentiometers
163 (3)
Analog Switches
166 (5)
7 Motors 171 (44)
Stepper Motors
171 (19)
DC Motors
190 (16)
Tradeoffs between Motors
206 (1)
Power-Up Issues
207 (1)
Motor Torque
208 (1)
A Real-World Stepper Application
209 (6)
8 Electromagnetic Interference 215 (10)
Ground Loops
215 (5)
Electrostatic Discharge
220 (5)
9 High-Precision Applications 225 (18)
Input Offset Voltage
227 (1)
Input Resistance
228 (1)
Frequency Characteristics
229 (1)
Temperature Effects in Resistors
230 (1)
Voltage References
231 (2)
Temperature Effects in General
233 (1)
Noise and Grounding
234 (2)
Printed Circuit Board Layout
236 (3)
Statistical Tolerancing
239 (1)
Supply-Based References
240 (1)
Summary
241 (2)
10 Standard Interfaces 243 (4)
IEEE 1451.2
243 (1)
4-20 ma Current Loop
244 (1)
Fieldbus
245 (2)
11 Analog Toolbox 247 (28)
Microcontroller Supply and Reference
247 (2)
Resistor Networks
249 (1)
Multiple Input Control
250 (2)
AC Control
252 (2)
Voltage Monitors and Supervisory Circuits
254 (1)
Driving Bipolar Transistors
254 (3)
Driving MOSFETs
257 (4)
Reading Negative Voltages
261 (1)
Example Control System
262 (13)
Appendix A Opamp Basics 275 (12)
Opamp Configurations
275 (4)
General Opamp Design Equations
279 (1)
Nonresistive Elements
280 (1)
Reversing the Inputs
281 (1)
Comparators
281 (2)
Hysteresis
283 (2)
Instrumentation Amplifiers
285 (2)
Appendix B Pulse Width Modulation 287 (12)
Why PWM?
287 (5)
Real Parts
292 (1)
Frequency Limitations
292 (1)
Resolution Limitations
293 (1)
Power-Supply Considerations
294 (1)
PWM and EMI
294 (1)
Audio Applications
295 (1)
PWM Hardware
296 (1)
PWM Software
297 (2)
Appendix C Useful URLs 299 (2)
Semiconductors
299 (1)
Motors
299 (1)
Other
300 (1)
Appendix D Python Code for Chapter 11; Excel Data for Chapter 4 301 (6)
Glossary 307 (4)
Index 311