雷達海雜波：建模與目標檢測

第1章 緒論·································································································1
1.1 前言···································································································2
1.2 海上監視雷達·······················································································2
1.3 海錶面································································································3
1.4 海雜波特性··························································································4
1.5 海雜波建模··························································································5
1.5.1 基於電磁散射的物理建模································································6
1.5.2 基於海雜波觀測的經驗建模·····························································7
1.6 數據集································································································7
1.6.1 Ingara X波段數據集·······································································7
1.6.2 CSIR X波段數據集········································································8
1.7 本書結構·····························································································8
參考文獻····································································································9
第2章 單基地海雜波···················································································11
2.1 概述··································································································12
2.2 平均後向散射······················································································13
2.2.1 異常傳播····················································································15
2.2.2 多徑散射····················································································16
2.2.3 GO-SSA平均後向散射模型····························································19
2.3 幅度分佈····························································································21
2.3.1 分佈模型····················································································24
2.3.2 擬合案例····················································································30
2.3.3 等效形狀參數關系········································································31
2.4 海尖峰特性·························································································32
2.5 多普勒特性·························································································35
2.5.1 相乾幅度統計特性········································································37
2.5.2 平均多普勒譜··············································································39
2.5.3 時變且隨距離變化的譜··································································40
2.6 紋理相關性·························································································43
參考文獻···································································································45
第3章 雙基地海雜波···················································································50
3.1 概述··································································································51
3.2 雙基地幾何結構···················································································51
3.3 有源雙基地雷達···················································································54
3.3.1 海雜波測量·················································································54
3.3.2 平面內反射系數測量·····································································56
3.3.3 平面外反射系數測量·····································································57
3.3.4 幅度統計特性··············································································59
3.3.5 相關性·······················································································60
3.3.6 多普勒譜····················································································61
3.3.7 海尖峰·······················································································63
3.4 無源雙基地雷達···················································································64
3.4.1 海雜波測量·················································································65
3.4.2 數據處理····················································································68
3.4.3 時延/多普勒域的幅度統計特性·······················································70
3.4.4 時域幅度統計特性和相關性····························································71
3.4.5 多普勒譜····················································································75
3.4.6 總結··························································································77
3.5 關於雙基地海雜波的討論·······································································78
參考文獻···································································································78
第4章 參數化建模······················································································81
4.1 概述··································································································82
4.2 單基地平均後向散射·············································································82
4.2.1 英國皇家雷達研究院（RRE）模型···················································83
4.2.2 Sittrop模型·················································································83
4.2.3 喬治亞理工學院（GIT）模型··························································84
4.2.4 混合（Hybrid）模型·····································································85
4.2.5 技術服務公司（TSC）模型····························································86
4.2.6 Masuko模型················································································87
4.2.7 Ingara成像雷達系統集團（IRSG）模型············································88
4.2.8 美國海軍研究實驗室（NRL）模型···················································90
4.2.9 澳大利亞國防科技集團（DSTG）平均後向散射連續模型······················90
4.3 雙基地平均反射系數·············································································93
4.3.1 平面內散射·················································································93
4.3.2 平面外散射·················································································96
4.4 K分佈形狀參數····················································································96
4.4.1 小擦地角模型··············································································97
4.4.2 DSTG連續形狀參數模型·······························································98
4.5 多普勒譜··························································································101
4.5.1 平均多普勒譜模型······································································101
4.5.2 時域去相關模型·········································································104
4.5.3 演化多普勒譜模型······································································104
4.6 空間相關性·······················································································112
參考文獻·································································································114
第5章 海雜波模擬····················································································117
5.1 概述································································································118
5.2 均勻多普勒譜····················································································118
5.3 演化多普勒譜····················································································122
5.3.1 頻域模擬··················································································122
5.3.2 時域模擬··················································································124
5.3.3 多相位中心···············································································125
5.3.4 掃描雷達場景············································································126
5.3.5 模擬案例··················································································128
5.4 其他模擬算法····················································································132
5.4.1 空時有限雜波（STLC）模型························································132
5.4.2 復合G2模型·············································································135
5.4.3 算法比較··················································································137
5.4.4 總結························································································146
參考文獻·································································································146
第6章 性能預測建模·················································································149
6.1 概述································································································150
6.2 雷達距離方程····················································································151
6.3 非相乾處理·······················································································153
6.3.1 恆定目標··················································································155
6.3.2 起伏目標··················································································156
6.3.3 復合雜波··················································································157
6.3.4 相關回波··················································································158
6.4 相乾處理··························································································161
6.4.1 多普勒濾波···············································································162
6.4.2 自適應處理···············································································164
6.5 端到端雷達性能評估···········································································167
6.5.1 雷達性能案例············································································168
6.5.2 模擬性能預測············································································173
6.5.3 討論························································································175
參考文獻·································································································176
第7章 海上目標檢測技術··········································································179
7.1 概述································································································180
7.2 非相乾檢測·······················································································181
7.2.1 雜波統計特性············································································181
7.2.2 恆虛警概率檢測器······································································184
7.2.3 空間相關雜波背景下CA-CFAR的檢測性能·····································186
7.2.4 掃描間處理···············································································187
7.2.5 其他方法··················································································189
7.3 Pareto CFAR檢測器············································································190
7.3.1 Pareto Ⅰ型變換CFAR································································191
7.3.2 Pareto Ⅰ型完全充分統計量··························································191
7.3.3 Pareto Ⅱ型變換CFAR································································192
7.3.4 Pareto Ⅱ型貝葉斯CFAR·····························································193
7.3.5 檢測結果··················································································194
7.3.6 總結························································································197
7.4 相乾檢測··························································································197
7.4.1 多通道雷達···············································································197
7.4.2 相乾檢測策略············································································199
7.4.3 預多普勒白化············································································199
7.4.4 後多普勒檢測············································································201
7.4.5 後多普勒白化············································································201
7.4.6 基於模型的檢測·········································································202
7.4.7 多普勒譜混疊············································································203
7.5 非均勻環境下的檢測···········································································204
7.5.1 單一數據集檢測器······································································204
7.5.2 固定尺度混合············································································205
7.5.3 可變尺度混合············································································206
7.5.4 紋理估計和歸一化混合································································206
7.5.5 檢測結果··················································································207
參考文獻·································································································210
第8章 目標檢測的新方法··········································································214
8.1 時間/頻率目標分離·············································································215
8.1.1 子帶分解與重構·········································································216
8.1.2 子帶選取··················································································218
8.1.3 檢測性能··················································································220
8.1.4 總結和展望···············································································222
8.2 稀疏信號分離····················································································222
8.2.1 調諧Q小波變換········································································223
8.2.2 短時傅里葉變換·········································································223
8.2.3 檢測方法··················································································226
8.2.4 檢測性能··················································································230
8.2.5 總結和展望···············································································232
8.3 字典學習··························································································232
8.3.1 字典學習技術············································································233
8.3.2 性能評估··················································································234
8.3.3 檢測性能··················································································236
8.3.4 總結和展望···············································································237
8.4 檢測前跟蹤·······················································································238
8.4.1 數學模型··················································································238
8.4.2 檢測濾波前的伯努利跟蹤·····························································240
8.4.3 模擬細節··················································································241
8.4.4 檢測和跟蹤性能·········································································242
8.4.5 總結和展望···············································································244
參考文獻·································································································245
附錄A 擬合優度指標·················································································250
A.1 卡方檢驗··························································································251
A.2 Kolmogorov-Smirnov（KS）檢驗···························································251
A.3 Bhattacharyya距離··············································································251
A.4 閾值誤差··························································································252
參考文獻·································································································252
附錄B 演化多普勒譜的雙峰參數································································253
附錄C 大氣和降水損失·············································································260